<p>Little Sark is a peninsula forming the southern section of the Channel Island of Sark. There is a hamlet here, and also a guesthouse and cafe at La Sablonnerie.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Little Sark is roughly triangular in shape, some two-thirds of a mile/one kilometre in width in the south and a mile/one and a half kilometres in length from north to south. It is joined to the larger part of the island (Great Sark) by a narrow isthmus known as La Coupée, a high ridge 80 m above the sea which is only some ten feet/three metres in width. This is gradually being eroded and Little Sark will eventually become an island (a similar process is likely to have occurred with Brecqhou close to Sark&#39;s west coast).</p><br>
<p>Several small islets lie close to the shore of Little Sark. These include Moie de la Fontaine and Moie de la Bretagne on the west coast, Petite Baveuse, Moie du Port Gorey Seceuil and Bretagne Uset along the south coast, and Brenière on the east coast. Several tiny islets also lie in Baleine Bay, which stretches along much of the east coast of Little Sark and also the southeast coast of great Sark, and L&#39;Etac de Sark and les Demies lie to the southeast of Little Sark.</p><br>
<p>The west coast of Little Sark is rocky, but there are two notable beaches to the north and east. The beach of Pot Bay stretches along the east coast from north of Brenière to Avocat Point, but this is a minor attraction compared to La Grande Grève, Sarks largest and most popular beach, which lies along the north coast of Little Sark and is normally accessible via steps cut in La Coupée (after a landslip temporarily closed the steps down to the shore a second way down has now (2016) been prepared and is usable). There are also popular swimming spots at the Venus Pool and Adonis Pool. The former (or Venuss Bath, as it is also known), named as such by Victorian artist William Toplis, lies close to the southeasternmost point of Little Sark. Protected and overhung by granite cliffs, it is largely free from prevailing winds and is a fine swimming spot. Completely covered by the sea at high tide, a low tide a circular pool originally some eighteen feet (five metres) deep (recent rockfalls have decreased its depth substantially) is separated from the sea. A smaller pool, Cupid&#39;s Bath, is also found nearby. The Adonis Pool is a similar tidal pool, though deeper, larger and less easily accessible than the Venus Pool; it is located close to the southwesternmost tip of Little Sark. The Adonis Pool enjoys longer periods of sunshine then the Venus Pool but is separated from the mainland at anything approaching half tide (the pool is covered by the sea at high tide) by a deep and fast flowing race of water where visitors require experience or careful instruction to cross to the Adonis rock safely.</p><br>
<p>Though the west coast is rocky, it is noted for its fine scenery. La Fontaine Bay, named for a small spring located nearby, is particularly well known for its views. The ruggedness of the coast means there are no excellent anchorages around Little Sark, though Port Gorey, the larger off two inlets in the south coast, was formerly used as a harbour.</p><br>
<p>Typically for Sark, Little Sark is penetrated at sea level by a number of caves and interconnecting inlets, including the extensive and dramatic, though surprisingly hidden cave system known as La Louge, which forms a pattern in and around the southern headland in roughly the shape of a double cross. A small bathing pool known as Teddy&#39;s Bath sits slightly higher in the cliff side near one arm of La Louge.</p><br>
<h2>La Coupée</h2><br>
<p>La Coupée is an isthmus joining Great Sark and Little Sark in the Channel Islands at {{coord|49|25.25|N|2|21.97|W|display=inline|region:GB_type:landmark}}. The land on both sides of this causeway has been eroded away by the sea, and all that now connects Little Sark to the rest of the island is a narrow ridge a mere three metres (nine feet) wide and 90 metres (300 ft) in length, with a drop of close to 80 metres (260 ft) on either side.</p><br>
<p>Until the beginning of the twentieth century, access to Little Sark was extremely difficult or, at best, unnerving. La Coupée was traversed by a narrow dirt track, and children are reputed to have had to crawl across it on their hands and knees to prevent being blown over the edge by the wind. According to a description in 1875, "People have thrown themselves flat on their face, from terror and nervousness on reaching the Coupée; others have lost courage half way across, and have hidden themselves behind the heads of the rocks that crop up in the middle of the Coupée until some passer by came and led them along; others have been unable to get across without shutting their eyes and being led between two persons." On 4 September 1802, Elie Guille of the Clos-à-Jaon was carrying sheaves of corn across La Coupée for the payment of tithes. He was blown over the East side and killed. After that the Seigneurs farmed out the collection of tithes in Little Sark to an individual in Little Sark who could settle the dues in cash. There were for a long time arguments between the inhabitants and the Seigneur over whose responsibility it was to maintain the path across La Coupée. In 1811 a landslip reduced the width of the path to no more than 3 feet. Finally in 1812 an act of agreement was signed between the parties to ensure every male inhabitant subject to the ordinary repairs of the road would give two days&#39; corvée to the La Coupée road and in return the Seigneur would guarantee to provide all remaining expenses. Following another landslip in 1862 on the Little Sark side a retaining wall was constructed so as to provide a foundation for a roadway 8–10 feet wide. However the narrowness of the path and the vertiginous drop were not the only things that made many wary of crossing La Coupée, especially at night, as the locality was reputed to be haunted. Strange moaning sounds or unearthly shrieks have been reported; however, these have been explained away as being due to the actions of wave and tide in La Caverne des Lamentes in the bay. The black dog called the Tchico was also reputed to haunt La Coupée as it ran the roads of Sark. Sibyl Hathaway, Dame of Sark, recorded that some of the Islanders believed that the reason why her donkey would not cross La Coupée was because of sensitivity to the presence of the Tchico.</p><br>
<p>Protective railings were added to La Coupée in 1900. There is currently a narrow concrete road covering the entirety of the isthmus, built in 1945 by German prisoners of war under the direction of the Royal Engineers.</p><br>
<p>The isthmus is flanked by two bays: La Grand Grêve to the west (right as seen from Great Sark) and Convanche Bay, part of Baleine Bay, to the east. The drop to Convanche Bay is steep, but that to La Grand Grêve is more gradual and steps have been cut into the rock, leading down to what is Sark&#39;s most extensive and popular beach.</p><br>
<h2>Settlement</h2><br>
<p>Because they were partially isolated from Great Sark, the inhabitants of Little Sark had their own distinct form of Sercquiais, the native Norman dialect of the island. The peninsula is sparsely populated, with most of the houses close to La Sablonnerie, the peninsula&#39;s only hotel, to the south of the centre of the peninsula. There are the remains of fortifications to the north, close to La Coupée, and an old mill to the west of La Sablonnerie.</p><br>
<p>Little Sark contains five of Sark&#39;s Tenements. The La Sablonnerie hotel lies here.</p><br>
<h2>Mining</h2><br>
<p>Little Sark was synonymous with silver mining for some of its history; La Clôture du Bas, the southern part of Little Sark, in particular had a number of mines. Mining mainly occurred between 1833 and 1845, and at its height the mines employed up to 80 workers from Sark and Cornwall, the Cornish immigrants doubling the population of the area.</p><br>
<p>Copper and silver were both mined at Le Pot, close to Pot Bay on the peninsula&#39;s east coast. It was here that silver was first discovered in 1833 by John Hunt, although there are earlier claims dating to 1817. Mining only took place for three years before Le Pot was abandoned due to flooding. The severe financial problems this caused almost resulted in the bankruptcy of the incumbent Seigneur, Ernest le Pelley. The Le Pelleys were obliged to transfer the fief to the Collings family, of whom the current Seigneur is a descendant. Remains of this mine can still be seen.</p><br>
<p>As well as a source of galena, the mine near Port Gorey returned both lead and silver. Discovered by chance during a rabbit hunt in 1836, industry around this mine led to the construction of a small gauge railway and the installation of steam pumps. The mine is believed to have had a length of 2,000 feet/600 m and depth of 700 feet/200 m. Close to the port there were four shafts leading to the galleries. Sark&#39;s Hope shaft was the westernmost, almost on the edge of the cliff. To the East was Le Pelley shaft, excavated down to 90 fathoms below sea level, then the Pump shaft and the easternmost shaft, the Prince&#39;s shaft.</p><br>
<p>Mining ceased in 1845 for reasons of economy and geology. Running costs were high, largely because of costs of shipping fuel for the steam pumps and shipping of ore, and ore-producing veins were narrow and of poor quality. The mines returned very little silver overall, and only one cargo of ore was ever shipped from Port Gorey. However the mines attracted visitors from Guernsey which encouraged the development of tourism infrastructure to cater for tourists who found the beauty of Sark&#39;s landscape a reason to continue visiting after the closure of the mines.</p><br>
<p>John Oxenham&#39;s 1910 novel A Maid Of The Silver Sea(http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14832 read there) uses the mines of Little Sark, as well as La Coupée, as its setting.</p><br>
<p>The Pittsburgh Athletic Association is a private social club and athletic club in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA. Its clubhouse is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Located at the corner of Fifth Avenue and Bigelow Boulevard in the citys Oakland district, it faces three other landmark buildings: the University of Pittsburghs Cathedral of Learning and William Pitt Union as well as the Soldiers and Sailors National Military Museum and Memorial.</p><br>
<p>The club was organized in 1908 by real estate developer Franklin Nicola. Architect Benno Janssen (1874—1964) used a Venetian Renaissance palace as a prototype for his design, perhaps Palazzo Grimani or Libreria on Piazza San Marco. He completed the structure in 1911.</p><br>
<p>The Pittsburgh Athletic Association is a nonprofit membership club chartered in 1908. It has run into financial difficulties recently and had its liquor license temporarily suspended for not paying Allegheny County drink taxes. Recently, the electricity and water has been cut off to the PAA.</p><br>
<p>It used to offer comprehensive athletic facilities, sports lessons, spa services, fine dining, and overnight accommodations. Some of the building&#39;s more interesting features include a pool on the third floor, full basketball and squash courts, a 16 lane bowling alley, and a room dedicated to former University of Pittsburgh football coach Johnny Majors. The club has several annual events, the most popular including an Easter brunch, a lobster dinner, and collegiate boxing events.</p><br>
<h2>In film</h2><br>
<p>In 2009, the film Love & Other Drugs, directed by Edward Zwick and starring Jake Gyllenhaal and Hank Azaria, filmed a scene in the Pittsburgh Athletic Association&#39;s bowling alley.</p><br>
<p>The movie filmed in the bowling alley was "She&#39;s Out of My League".</p><br>
<p>Republic Center is a mixed-use complex at 300 N. Ervay Street and 325 N. St. Paul Street in the City Center District of downtown Dallas, Texas , adjacent to Thanks-giving Square. The complex is located diagonally across the street from DART&#39;s St. Paul Station, which serves its,, and light rail lines. It also contains part of the Dallas Pedestrian Network, with shops and restaurants in the lower levels of the building and is connected to the Bullington Truck Terminal.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Republic National Bank Building (later known as Republic Center Tower I and now Gables Republic Tower) was constructed as a 36-story skyscraper for the headquarters of Republic National Bank, which had previously been located at the Davis Building. Seeking to build higher than their rival&#39;s Mercantile National Bank Building, the Republic National Bank Building became the tallest building in Dallas and west of the Mississippi River at its completion in 1954. The skyscraper included an elaborate banking pavilion that stretched to Pacific Avenue. It remained the tallest building on the Dallas skyline until it was surpassed by the Southland Center in 1959.</p><br>
<p>As the bank expanded, in 1964 it sought to reclaim the tallest-in-Dallas title. The bank hired architects Harrell & Hamilton to achieve this by designing a taller companion to adjacent Republic Center I. However, height limit was restricted by the FAA. Upon completion in 1964, Republic Center Tower II was only tallest-in-Dallas on some lists. The 150 ft spire on the original 1954 Republic Center gave that structure a 4 ft edge in terms of spire height. Less than a year later, the building was surpassed by Elm Place as the tallest building in Dallas.</p><br>
<p>Republic Center Tower III, an 8-story building with a Dallas Pedestrian Network retail concourse below, was added in 1980. It replaced the historic 20-story Medical Arts Building which was razed in 1978. With the completion of the third phase, the Republic Center consisted of an entire city block bounded by Ervay, Bryan, St. Paul and Pacific Streets.</p><br>
<p>In 1985 RepublicBank Corp., now one of the largest banks in the Southwest, announced plans to construct a 60-story, 1,400,000 ft&sup2; building across the street on land now designated for Pacific Plaza Park. Plans were terminated in 1987 when rival InterFirst Corp. acquired the company, and Republic Center lost most of its tenants during the ensuing savings and loan crisis of the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The building complex was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h3>Renovation</h3><br>
<p>In 1997 new owners acquired the block and the complex was renovated. Republic Center Tower I was renovated in 2005 to house 229 residential units. The first units opened in January 2007 and the building&#39;s name changed to Gables Republic Tower. Republic Center Towers II & III remain active office buildings, while the old banking lobbies and ground floors are leased as office and retail space.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture & design</h2><br>
<p>The complex is a prime example of mid century modern skyscraper design. The buildings are clad in interlocking aluminum plates which incorporate Republic National Bank&#39;s four-pointed star symbol. The building was designed by architects Harrison & Abramovitz, who in 1953 had just completed the thirty story Alcoa Building in Pittsburgh. The design of Republic Center integrated the use of aluminum with a structural steel frame resulting in a lighter and energy efficient building.</p><br>
<p>The banking lobby featured new techniques in engineering to create a column-free lobby where upper floors had to be hung from above. The lobby was finished with exquisite marble, inlaid wood and 3,000 ft&sup2; of pure gold leaf. Also incorporated within the building were innovations such as underground drive-through banking and valet parking. The elevators inside the complex speed at a rate of 1,400 ft a minute, making them among the fastest in the nation.</p><br>
<p>At the time of completion, the spire atop Gables Republic Tower (an abstraction of the four-pointed star and referred to as the "rocket") contained a rotating beacon of light. This was later turned off due to taller surrounding buildings, but today the spire is floodlit from below.</p><br>
<p>The following words by Karl Hoblitzelle, chairman of the board for Republic National Bank from 1945 to 1965, are set in bronze at the Ervay Street entrance:</p><br>
<p>"This building is dedicated to the principle that no institution can long endure unless it serves faithfully and unselfishly its country, its state and community."</p><br>
<h3>Rank in the Dallas skyline</h3><br>
<p>Gables Republic Tower is 36-stories and has a roof height of 452 ft, but when its 150 ft spire is included, the building reaches a height of 602 ft. Currently, it is the 11th-tallest building in the city when the spire is included. Without the spire, it is the 21st-tallest.</p><br>
<p>Republic Center Tower II is 50-stories and has a roof height of 598 ft, making it the 11th-tallest building in Dallas by roof-height (the building is 12th-tallest with regards to adjacent Gables Republic Tower&#39;s spire).</p><br>
<p>Pridhamsleigh Cavern is a cave on the outskirts of Ashburton, Devon, England. It is approximately 1.1 kilometres in length with a total depth of just over 50 m including Prid II.</p><br>
<p>Pridhamsleigh is a good site for novice cavers, making it quite muddy throughout. It has a large variety of passages which lends itself to longer explorations. Due to the nature of the connecting and non connecting overlapping phreatic passages in the cave, surveys (maps) of the cave are hard to interpret.</p><br>
<p>The cave contains Bishops Chamber, a wide chamber close to the entrance from where most routes lead, and The Lake. This elongated pool is over 100 feet deep. In the early 1970s divers with SCUBA gear discovered, at a depth of about 80 feet, a window into second partially air-filled chamber, with no passages leading off it. This chamber is the biggest in Devon and is named Gerry&#39;s Chamber after its discoverer, the late Gerry Pritchard.</p><br>
<p>An accurate, hand-drawn, plan of the cave is held in the reference section of Plymouth Library. Although not requiring any great skill, the cave is quite complex, there being three distinct routes from Bishops Chamber&#39; to the lake. First-timers should note their route carefully as it is easy to get disorientated.</p><br>
<p>The cave is the type locality for the 3mm-long, blind white cave shrimp endemic to the south-west of England, Niphargus glenniei (Spooner, 1952).</p><br>
<p>The Archipelago of Lavezzi  is a collection a small of granite islands and reefs in the Strait of Bonifacio that separates Corsica from Sardinia in the Mediterranean Sea. They are administered from Bonifacio on Corsica, itself a region of France.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The islands are located in about 4 km from the Corsican mainland, 7 km from Cape Pertusato, and 10 km southeast of Bonifacio. The archipelago covers 5,123 ha in area and the highest point is 50 m. They include the southernmost point of Metropolitan France.</p><br>
<p>The two main islands are Cavallo (112 ha), the only inhabited island in the archipelago, and Lavezzu (Italian: Lavezzo, 66 ha), just on the south of Cavallo. The other islands or islets are, from left to right: Piana, Ratino, Porraggia and Sperduto (or Perduto).</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The archipelago was the site of the shipwreck of the French frigate Sémillante on February 15, 1855. On the island of Lavezzu there are two memorial cemeteries with the remains of the victims of the shipwreck.</p><br>
<p>These islands were also the locale for Brigitte Bardot&#39;s 1952 film Manina, la fille sans voiles.</p><br>
<p>The John Blake House is located on Homestead Avenue  in Maybrook, New York, United States. It is a brick building from the late 18th century, one of the oldest houses in the village</p><br>
<p>John Blake, a prominent local politician, built the house around an earlier log cabin. A wing was added in the mid-19th century, but it has not otherwise been altered. In 1984 it was added to the National Register of Historic Places as a well-preserved example of the kind of home built by settlers of English descent in the early years of the Federal style of American architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>The one-and-a-half-story house sits on a 2.4 acre lot with many trees shielding it from view. It is made of brick with a stone basement and topped with a gabled roof shingled in asphalt and pierced by two brick chimneys near the end walls. The brick is laid in Flemish bond on the south and west with common bond in alternating rows of stretchers and headers on the other sides. The windows are trimmed in flat-arched molded brick.</p><br>
<p>A small wooden porch frames the entrance, a wooden paneled door with transom and sidelights. It opens into a large central hall leading to equally sized rooms on either side. Most of the mantelpieces are in the Federal style but one, in the northwest parlor, is Greek Revival in style.</p><br>
<p>The double Dutch door, once the original rear entrance, now connects the house and the kitchen wing added later. Upstairs are bedrooms, and a third level has been carved out of unused attic space. The basement, supposedly built for the earlier house, takes up the eastern half and includes a large arched chimney base.</p><br>
<p>Two of the original outbuildings remain, a shed and a privy. The foundations of three others can still be seen: a barn to the south of the house, a smokehouse to the northeast and the buttery once attached to the east of the house.</p><br>
<h2>Aesthetics</h2><br>
<p>The house is conservative in form, hewing more closely to English vernacular traditions seen elsewhere in the Hudson Valley. Its low, square base is at odds with the generally more vertical buildings that typify the Federal style, manifested more in the interior floor plan and decor. The different bonds used in the brick suggest a bricklayer capable of a high degree of craftsmanship, but used on this form it does not appear that the builder was trying to apply any particular style or design trend.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Blake, an early settler of the area, built the home around 1794 as the centerpiece of his father&#39;s 200-acre (50 ha) farm, "The Blake". At the time he was serving as deputy sheriff of Ulster County, which then included the northern towns of present-day Orange County. He would later serve as Orange County sheriff after the county line was relocated northward when Rockland County was created in the early 19th century. In the interim he served in the state assembly, and would later serve two terms in the USA House, as well as sitting as a judge. He concluded his political career with fifteen terms as Montgomery town supervisor. No other individual in the history of Orange County held so many positions at so many different levels.</p><br>
<p>As Maybrook grew, the Blake farm was broken up into smaller and smaller parcels, owned by others. The house would undergo renovations in the 1820s and 1840s, the latter adding a kitchen wing to the rear. The front porch was added sometime in the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The river once had a dock in Waitara, where export meat from the town&#39;s Thos. Borthwick & Sons freezing-works was loaded onto ships. However, this trade was subsequently conducted from New Plymouth&#39;s Port Taranaki until the works closed in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Waitara is the first mud-bottomed river to the north of Cape Egmont. It is prone to flooding, and there are stop banks (levees) to the west of the river (upstream from the bridge) and on both sides downstream.</p><br>
<p>The historic Bertrand Road suspension bridge, (one of only a few such road bridges in New Zealand) is several kilometres from State Highway 3 (just up from the town).</p><br>
<h2>New Zealand Wars</h2><br>
<p>In December 1860 during the First Taranaki War campaign of the New Zealand Wars, British forces under Major-General Pratt carried out sapping operations against a major Māori defensive line called Te Arei ("The barrier") on the west side of the Waitara River, which was barring the way to the historic hill pā of Pukewairangi. During this operation, Colour Serjeant John Lucas was awarded the Victoria Cross on 18 March 1861.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>Historically, water quality of the Waitara River was poor due to uncontrolled discharges of untreated Waitara town sewage and to industrial wastes from the meatworks. The river was observed to run red with discharges from the meatworks. The water quality improved significantly following the 1978 construction of an ocean outfall for sewage and following shutdown of the meatworks. Until 1999, sewage from Inglewood was discharged into the river.</p><br>
<p>In terms of e.coli levels, the Waitara River is listed as the second worst of 77 sites listed in the NIWA National River Water Quality Network, ranked as suitable for contact recreation, e.g. swimming.</p><br>
<p>The Makuri Stream is a tributary of the Patea River, in the upper catchment among the eastern Taranaki hill country. The Makuri catchment falls entirely within the Stratford district, and takes in the settlements of Huinga, Huiroa and Kiore.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The valley floor lies between 150 and above sea level, most of which was originally swamplands but is now reclaimed pasture. Rising on each side of the Makuri Stream are often precipitous sandstone-greywacke ridges which vary in height from approximately 300 m in elevation to the peaks of the Mangaotuku and Tarerepo trigs, 365 and respectively.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>The Makuri Valley has three different points of access from the populated west. The southern end of the valley where the stream meets the Patea River is accessed via Toko Road and the settlement of Huinga. State Highway 43 crosses the Makuri valley between the Douglas and Strathmore Saddles, where Walter Road gives access to the Makuri valley to the north, and Mangaotuku Road gives access to the south. The upper parts of the catchment are reached via Douglas Road and the settlements of Huiroa and Kiore.</p><br>
<h2>Land use</h2><br>
<p>Nearly all of the catchment is cleared of bush, and is farmed predominantly as sheep and beef units.</p><br>
<p>Ältasjön  is a lake in southern Stockholm, Sweden, located north-east of Lake Flaten and named for the vicinity to the urban district Älta.</p><br>
<p>Ältasjön, of which the easternmost fourth belongs to the Stockholm Municipality and the rest to Nacka Municipality, is the uppermost lake in the Sicklaån water system which also include Ulvsjön, Söderbysjön, Dammtorpssjön, Källtorpssjön, Järlasjön, and Sicklasjön. The lake has a rich bird life and, bordering the Nacka Open-air Area (colloquially referred to as Nackareservatet, "Nacka Reserve", but not given the status of a reserve ), is used for bathing, camping, bird-watching, and water-skiing and is considered as of great recreational value. High levels of chlorophyll reduces clearity, but, notwithstanding the traffic route passing nearby, metal levels are lower than in any other lake in Stockholm.</p><br>
<p>The "Save Ältasjön Society", Föreningen Rädda Ältasjön (FRÄS), has been working since 1975 to improve the environmental state of the lake and promote open-air activities in and around it.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>Approximately half of the catchment area is occupied by the settlements and roads of Älta, located within Nacka, with the remaining area composed of forests, wetlands, and smaller patches of open terrain. In the northern part, forming the southern part of the open-air area, is a deciduous hardwood forest. South of the lake is the traffic route Tyresövägen receiving some 20,000 vehicles per day, and west of the road is a speedway track.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental influence</h3><br>
<p>The lake receives about 200 kg phosphorus annually of which half comes from surface runoff and the rest is released from sediments. Surface runoff also adds 1,300 kg of nitrogen, most of which comes from the settlements of Älta. The lake used to be the recipient for poorly treated waste water from some 1,000 households today connected to the municipal sewers.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, phytoplankton was dominated by green algae, diatoms, and carapace flagellates with a smaller amount of cyanobacteria, a normal distribution for lakes rich in nutrients. By 2000, the biomass was almost exclusively composed of cyanobacteria, most of them non-poisonous "thin filaments" and anabacena the only species being able to fixate nitrogen. Today, the only reminder of the 1990s is the relatively frequent occurrence of the carapace flagellate Ceratium hirundinella. Zooplankton, moderate levels of rotifers and copepods, have shown insignificant variations with time.</p><br>
<p>An inventory of aquatic plants in 1997 showed the western and southern parts of the lake are dominated by spiked water-milfoil and yellow water-lily, while the eastern part is dominated by common club-rush and common reed. Stratiotes aloides is found near the lake outlet.</p><br>
<p>The same inventory reported 45 species/taxa in the lake-bed fauna, which includes all common species, dominated by Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, freshwater gastropods, and leeches. perch, roach, northern pike, tench, silver bream, ruffe, and crucian carp have been documented in the lake, sample catches typically exceeding excepted levels. Zander was introduced in the late 1990s. crayfish plague caused a population of European crayfish to disappear in 1984, subsequently replaced by signal crayfish introduced throughout the 1990s. In 1993 the population of amphibians included moor frog and common toad, of which only the later was found by 1996.</p><br>
<p>The lake is an important stop-over for many bird species, including tufted duck, common goldeneye, and common merganser; and, more rarely, Slavonian grebe, and smew. Breeding species attracted to the lake include Eurasian coot, great crested grebe, and pochard; additionally common tern is often seen by the lake and occasionally breeds here. Other protected species found by the lake include common snipe and lesser spotted woodpecker.</p><br>
<p>Sicklasjön  is a lake in eastern central Stockholm, Sweden. It is bordering the municipalities of Stockholm and Nacka and is named for the vicinity to the urban district Sickla.</p><br>
<p>Sicklasjön, historically known as Långsjön ("Long Lake"), is connected to Järlasjön east of it through a narrow strait and to Hammarby Sjö west of it through the canal and the sluice. The lake, forming the northern border of the Nacka Open-air Area (Nacka friluftsområde, colloquially known as Nackareservatet, "Nacka Reserve"), is considered as of significant recreational and natural value.</p><br>
<h2>Catchment area</h2><br>
<p>The lake is the last lake in the Sicklaån water system formed in an east-west oriented fissure valley. The catchment area is highly exploited with most of it used for one-family houses, block of flats, offices, industrial areas, and roads. On the southern shore are patches of hardwood forests, a few feeder streams, a promenade, and the old farm south of which are several minor wetlands. The closed stock pile Hammarbybacken containing various types of excavated materials is located within the catchment area. Next to Sickla Kanal is a subterranean plant used to treat sludge disposal. New residential areas have been constructed in the western end of the lake.</p><br>
<h3>Environmental influence</h3><br>
<p>Approximately 400 kg phosphorus is transported through the lake annually, of which some 80 per cent comes from the other lakes in the water system. Surface runoff adds some 50 kg phosphorus and 600 kg nitrogen, while roughly 24 kg phosphorus is released from lake sediments and atmospheric deposits adds some 120 kg of nitrogen. Most of metal contribution, copper, lead, and zinc, comes from Hammarbybacken where high levels of arsenic, chromium, phthalates, PCB, and Carbon tetrachloride have also been recorded. Even though most of these pollutions are bound to particles, leachate from the eastern part of the tip is believed to leak into the lake. Chlorophyll content have decreased since the 1980s and is at present around 45 μg/l which gives a transparency of 1,5 m.</p><br>
<h2>Flora and fauna</h2><br>
<p>Most common phytoplankton species are filamentous cyanobacteria and diatoms, while zooplankton are represented by daphnia and copepods. Common aquatic plants in the water column include rigid hornwort and yellow water-lily coupled with a presence of Nuttall&#39;s waterweed, frogbit, common duckweed, white waterlily, amphibious bistort, and four species of pondweeds.</p><br>
<p>An inventory of lakebed fauna in 1997 documented 47 species/taxa, predominately freshwater gastropods, beetles, and dragonflies. The same year, perch, roach, bleak, and a few other species were documented in the lake. Crayfish was introduced in 1992 and 1995-96. Except for seabirds such as the mallard and Eurasian coot, the thrush nightingale is present on the southern shore. Species of bats documented includes the northern bat, Nyctalus, Daubentons bat, and Brandts bat. Additionally, the area is a great locale for amphibians, with a presence of common toad and moor frog, and traces of beaver have been found around the lake.</p><br>
<p>Lake Lesina , situated in the north of Apulia between Tavoliere delle Puglie and the promontory of Gargano, is the ninth largest lake in Italy and the second largest in the southern part of the country. It is about 22 km long, an average of 2.4 km wide, and covers an area of 51.4 square kilometres.</p><br>
<p>Two canals, Acquarotta and Schiapparo, link it the lake to the Adriatic Sea, from which it is separated by a long hill known as Bosco Isola, between one and two kilometres in width and sixteen in length. Numerous streams provide the lake with a modest supply of fresh water.</p><br>
<p>The lake is populated above all by eels which provide a traditional source of income for the people of Lesina.</p><br>
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<p>The Allan Miller House is a prairie style house in the South Shore neighborhood of Chicago, United States. Located along Paxton Avenue, the home is the only surviving example of Frank Lloyd Wright colleague John S. Van Bergen&#39;s work found in Chicago. The house is cast in prairie style and was constructed in 1913. The building has been declared a Chicago Landmark and is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Allan Miller House, on Paxton Avenue was designed by John S. Van Bergen in 1913 for advertising executive Allan Miller.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The Miller House is considered an "excellent" example of prairie style architecture and it is Chicago&#39;s only surviving example of architect John S. Van Bergen. The home, like all prairie style homes, is meant to evoke the Midwestern prairie through its horizontal form and integration with the surrounding natural landscape.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Miller House was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 23, 1991. The city of Chicago declared the building a Chicago Landmark on December 1, 1993.</p><br>
<p>Kaputaş Beach is a small beach between Kaş and Kalkan in southwestern Turkey.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The beach is situated at a distance of 20 km from Kaş and 7 from Kalkan, at a point where an extremely narrow valley towered by steep cliffs and forests joins the sea shore in the cove of the same name as the beach (Kaputaş). The beach is popular among visitors to the region due to its natural environment and views from the heights traversed by the State road D400 between Kaş and Kalkan.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>There are now toilet facilities, showers, a cafe bar and changing huts at Kaputaş Beach. The beach is reached by 170 steps descending from the road. A limited number of parking paces are available at the street side. The beach is guarded by the municipality of Kalkan. It is also used as a stopover for yachts along the Blue Cruise. The sea gets deep rather close to the beach in Kaputaş.</p><br>
<h2>Vicinity</h2><br>
<p>A deep narrow canyon is located on the other side of the street. It can be reached directly from the beach under the bridge, if no flowing water is present. The canyon has been formed from the abrasion of the rocks by flowing waters over thousands of years. The canyon ends after about 200 meters and has views to the steep walls. Entrance is free of charge.</p><br>
<p>Bold Cove is a small inlet on West Falkland near Port Howard on Falkland Sound, notable for its history. It runs parallel to the northern end of Port Howard, and Peake Ridge forms the west coast. It is approximately two miles long.</p><br>
<p>Captain John Strong of the Welfare made the first recorded landing on either of the main islands (West and East Falkland) on 29 January 1690, at Bold Cove on the other side of the headland from the Bold Cove and Manybranch Farms. He said:</p><br>
<p>The mention about the lack of wood is somewhat surprising, since while there were no trees growing there, although driftwood frequently washes up on Falkland beaches. Strong named the body of water between West and East Falkland as Falkland Sound, from which the islands were later named.</p><br>
<p>On the 300th anniversary of his landing, in 1990, a plaque was erected on the spot to commemorate the event.</p><br>
<p>Loch an Eilein is a small irregular shaped, freshwater loch in the Rothiemurchus Forest about 5 km south of Aviemore, Scotland. Loch an Eilein comes from the Scottish Gaelic and means Loch of the island. The loch is considered to be beautiful and walks around it are popular.</p><br>
<p>In the late 18th and early 19th century, the loch was used mainly for two things. On the banks of the loch there is a limestone kiln where the lime stone was collected from a rockface looking over the loch. Also loggers used the connecting river to float logs down to the wood-treating factories downstream. Rob Roy and other cattle rustlers used the loch, and one side of the loch is called Robbers Way. There are only three remaining houses on the loch side, which are now used by forestry officers.</p><br>
<p>In the middle of the Loch, on what may be a natural island, are the ruins of a small 15th century castle. The Jacobites, retreating from Cromdale in 1690, besieged the castle, which was held by Dame Grizel Mor Grant, widow of the fifth laird Grant. At this time the castle was connected to the shore by a causeway. The causeway was lost when the water level in the loch was raised in the 18th century.</p><br>
<p>The loch and the forest around it are popular with birdwatchers, walkers, mountain bikers and day-trippers. Among the birds found on or around Loch an Eilein are the crested tit, redstart, spotted flycatcher, tree pipit, red-throated diver, common sandpiper, whinchat, and the occasional merlin.</p><br>
<p>The Littlefield House is a historic home in Austin, Texas on the campus of the University of Texas at Austin. The home was built in 1893 for Civil War veteran George Littlefield, who was a successful businessman in the bank and cattle trades and a major benefactor to UT. It was designed using the popular Victorian style at a cost of $50,000.</p><br>
<p>While living in the house, Major Littlefield and his wife Alice made a tremendous number of contributions to the university, including funds for the Littlefield Fountain, the Main Building, and the Littlefield Dormitory. They also developed the Littlefield Building downtown, finished in 1912.</p><br>
<p>When Alice Littlefield died in 1935, she left the home to the university. Today the ground floor has been refurbished and is used for University functions. The upstairs is used for office space by the Office of University Events.</p><br>
<p>The home is located at 24th and Whitis streets. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>George Littlefield had a "Deodar Cedar" (Cedrus deodara), or "Himalayan Cedar" imported from the Himalayas and planted on the property. Littlefield even had the soil where the tree was to be placed dug up and replaced with Himalayan soil. Arguably one of the most interesting trees on campus, the approximately 35-foot tree is located on the southwest side of the house, and is readily discernible by its distinctive horizontal layers.</p><br>
<p>The George and Sarah Joslyn Home , is a mansion located at 3902 Davenport Street in the Gold Coast Historic District of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Built in the Scottish Baronial style in 1903, the Castle was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1972. It was designated as an Omaha landmark in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>George Joslyn made his fortune in the ready-print news business and owned the Western Newspaper Union. The Joslyns contributed to many Omaha-area organizations, including Sarah Joslyns donation which made Omahas Joslyn Art Museum possible.</p><br>
<p>Joslyn Castle was designed by John McDonald, an important local architect. Shortly after George Joslyn bought a farm outside of Omaha in 1893, he began landscaping it. Landscape architect Jens Jensen designed the grounds, as well as the rock work and pools for the conservatory inside the house.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>The 35-room mansion had four stories, as well as a carriage house tower, built before the Castle in 1901, and 5 acre of formal gardens and landscaping, including greenhouses, which were completed in 1899. George Joslyn spared little expense planting mature trees on the 5.5 acre grounds, and Sarah collected rare botanicals from around the world, especially orchids. According to The Friends of Joslyn Castle, the home was built in just eleven months at a cost of $250,000.</p><br>
<p>The Castle includes a reception hall, music room, ballroom, a library and gold drawing room. The basement at one time had a bowling alley. With the addition of a music room in 1906, the house totaled 19,360 ft&sup2;.</p><br>
<p>The Castle and the carriage house were built of Kansas silverdale limestone. There is a wrought iron door on the Castle that weighs over a ton.</p><br>
<h2>1913 tornado</h2><br>
<p>On March 23, 1913, a tornado demolished much of the central and north parts of Omaha. While the home was slightly damaged, inside some furniture, artwork, etchings, and statuary were ruined. A distraught George Joslyn stated that it would take fifteen years to restore the estate grounds to their previous state. The greenhouses were partially destroyed. The Joslyns decided not to rebuild, so they donated the frame to Hanscom Park, where it was used as a greenhouse for fifty years. In the conservatory, many of Sarah Joslyn&#39;s orchids and other tropical plants were killed by the cold and snow which followed the tornado. The storm also destroyed a small lake and bridge to the west of the Castle. Today the bridge remains, and an outline of the small lake is visible. The home was repaired and that fall, the Castle hosted a gala event for the wedding of their daughter, Violet.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>In 1944, the Castle became the headquarters of the Omaha Public Schools district. In 1958, the district incorporated some of the walls of the original greenhouses into an office annex.</p><br>
<p>In 1989, the school system moved to a larger facility in the former Tech High School building. The Castle then became the property of the State of Nebraska. In 1996, the Joslyn Castle became home of the Joslyn Castle Institute for Sustainable Communities. The Institute is charged by the State of Nebraska with managing and preserving the estate. In December 2010, Joslyn Castle was sold by the State of Nebraska to the Joslyn Castle Trust, a private concern created for the purpose of maintaining the historic property.</p><br>
<p>Today, the Castle is the namesake of the surrounding Joslyn Castle neighborhood, and is a site in the Nebraska Statewide Arboretum.</p><br>
<p>The Castle and its grounds are open to the public for tours, events, and private rental.</p><br>
<p>Kingston Pike is a highway in Knox County, Tennessee, United States, that connects Downtown Knoxville with West Knoxville, Farragut, and other communities in the western part of the county. The road follows a merged stretch of USA Route 11  and US 70. From its initial construction in the 1790s until the development of the Interstate Highway System in the 1960s, Kingston Pike was the main traffic artery in western Knox County, and an important section of several cross-country highways. The road is now a major commercial corridor, containing hundreds of stores, restaurants, and other retail establishments.</p><br>
<p>The old Kingston road was originally built in the 1790s to connect Knoxville with Fort Southwest Point at what is now Kingston. During the Civil War, Confederate and Union forces fought several skirmishes along the Kingston road as they struggled for control of Knoxville. The Kingston Turnpike Company was chartered in 1866 to improve the Kingston road, and by 1893 had extended the improved road to the county line. From the 1920s into the 1950s, Kingston Pike was a major stopover for tourists traveling along the Dixie and Lee highways, which intersected at Kingston Pike.</p><br>
<p>Starting with the completion of West Town Mall in 1970, Kingston Pike developed into Knoxville&#39;s largest retail corridor. Historian Jack Neely once wrote, "If suburban sprawl had a local name, it would be Kingston Pike." The road is now home to "an enclosed shopping mall, a big-box mall, over 100 strip malls, 100 chain restaurants," and "more acreage of asphalt surface parking than any other street in the Knoxville MSA."</p><br>
<h2>Route</h2><br>
<p>Kingston Pike is a five-lane road that runs westward for approximately 20 mi from the L&N tracks just east of Alcoa Highway to the divergence of US-70 and US-11 in the Dixie Lee Junction community just across the Knox-Loudon county line. East of the L&N tracks, Kingston Pike continues into the Fort Sanders and downtown areas as Cumberland Avenue. This road continues to just west of its intersection with USA Route 441 (locally known as Henley Street). There, the street splits into eastbound Main Street and westbound Cumberland Avenue. USA 11 and USA 70 follow USA 441 for several blocks before veering eastward into East Knoxville. West of Dixie Lee Junction, US-70 continues westward to Kingston, while US-11 veers southwestward to Lenoir City.</p><br>
<p>The westernmost Kingston Pike street address is the now-vacant Court Cafe building (13110) at the county line, and the easternmost is the Metron Corporation (2309). The two-block section of road between the county line and the US-70/US-11 split is typically considered Kingston Pike, although its businesses (e.g., Dixie Lee Nursery and Dixie Lee Fireworks) have "Highway 11 East" street addresses. US-70 west of Dixie Lee Junction is sometimes casually referred to as Kingston Pike or Kingston Highway, although its street addresses simply use "Highway 70 East." Before major highway construction in the 1960s, Kingston Pike followed a more winding route beyond Bearden, as evidenced by the numerous sideroads named "Old Kingston Pike." On some maps, Hines Valley Road, which intersects US-70 at Eaton Crossroads (just north of Lenoir City), is referred to as "Old Kingston Pike."</p><br>
<p>Along with US-70 and US-11, Kingston Pike is part of State Route 1. Kingston Pike runs roughly parallel with a merged stretch of Interstate 40 and Interstate 75, which passes just to the north. Along with Knoxville and Farragut, communities linked by Kingston Pike include Sequoyah Hills, West Hills, Bearden, Ebenezer Mill, and Concord.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history</h3><br>
<p>What is now Kingston Pike was originally part of a Native American trail. This trail ran westward to Sinking Creek (about 10 miles west of Knoxville), where it turned abruptly southward and passed through the modern Concord area. The trail then crossed the Tennessee River and continued southward to the Overhill Cherokee towns in the Little Tennessee Valley.</p><br>
<p>By 1788, this trail had been incorporated into the North Carolina Road, the main route connecting settlements in East Tennessee with settlements in the Nashville area. In 1792, the newly created Knox County commissioned Charles McClung, a surveyor who had drawn up the original plat of Knoxville the previous year, to build a public road from Knoxville to Campbell&#39;s Station (modern Farragut). This road, originally about 30 ft wide, was extended to Kingston by 1800.</p><br>
<p>For much of its early history, the Kingston road remained a dangerous route. In 1792, the home of Ebenezer Byram (for whom the Ebenezer community is named) was attacked by a band of Creeks. The following year, a small Cherokee force attacked Cavets Station, which stood about three miles east of the Ebenezer home, killing 12 of the stations 13 inhabitants. During the early 19th century, highwaymen stalked the more isolated stretches of the Kingston road, and by 1820, the section of the road just west of Bearden had been nicknamed "Murderers&#39; Hollow."</p><br>
<h3>Civil War</h3><br>
<p>In November 1863, Confederate forces under General James Longstreet marched north from Chattanooga in hopes of taking Knoxville from Union forces under Ambrose Burnside, who had occupied the city in September of that year. Longstreet wanted to attack the city from the south, but due to fortifications in South Knoxville, he was forced to cross the Tennessee River at Huffs Ferry in Loudon, and march on Knoxville from the west. To give his troops time to strengthen Knoxvilles fortifications, Burnside executed a series of maneuvers to delay Longstreet&#39;s advance down the Kingston road.</p><br>
<p>On November 16, a portion of Burnsides troops engaged Longstreets vanguard, led by General Lafayette McLaws, at the Battle of Campbells Station. This engagement, which lasted about six hours, allowed the greater part of Burnsides forces to make their way back down the Kingston road to Knoxville. As Burnside&#39;s chief engineer Orlando Poe worked feverishly to fortify the city, Union cavalry commander William P. Sanders executed a delaying action just west of town near the Bleak House, buying Poe another 36 hours before falling mortally wounded.</p><br>
<p>With Knoxville fortified, Longstreet surrounded the city and settled in for a siege. He set up his headquarters at the Bleak House, and his staff set up offices at Knollwood and Crescent Bend. On November 29, after a two-week siege, Longstreet ordered McLaws to march against Fort Sanders, an earthen bastion overlooking the Kingston road from the north. The assault was beaten back, however, and Longstreet withdrew a few days later.</p><br>
<h3>Kingston Turnpike</h3><br>
<p>In May 1866, the Kingston Turnpike Company was chartered with the intention of improving the Kingston road to the Knox County line. The following year, Professor R. L. Kirkpatrick resurveyed the first five miles of the road, which were then macadamized by a crew led by Colonel R. F. Bibb. The new road was also raised, and ditches were added to facilitate drainage. Knox County purchased the Kingston Turnpike Company in 1892, and completed the improved turnpike to the county line in late 1893.</p><br>
<p>By 1913, trolley tracks had been constructed along Kingston Pike as far west as Lyons View Pike, leading to residential development and the construction of apartment buildings along the 2000 and 3000 blocks.</p><br>
<h3>The Dixie Lee Highway</h3><br>
<p>From the 1920s until the late 1950s, Kingston Pike was known as the "Dixie Lee Highway," as it lay along a merged stretch of two cross-country auto-tourism routes&mdash; the Dixie Highway (which followed US-70 through the area) and the Lee Highway (which followed US-11). The Dixie Highway, conceived in 1915, was a north-south route that connected cities in the Midwestern United States with beaches in the South. The Lee Highway was primarily an east-west route that connected Arlington, Virginia, with California. The two routes joined in downtown Knoxville and diverged at the US-70/US-11 split at the Knox-Loudon line, which thus became known as the Dixie-Lee Junction.</p><br>
<p>The automobile traffic along the Dixie and Lee highways brought a tourism boom to Kingston Pike. Beginning in the 1920s, businesses catering to this thru-traffic sprang up along the length of the road from Bearden to Dixie Lee Junction. Tourist camps, predecessors to the modern motel, were among the earliest of these businesses, and included Knoxvilles first motel, Edds Tourist Camp, which was established in Bearden in the late 1920s. Restaurants also began to appear, many of which used flashy signs, unusual Streamline Moderne architecture, and names such as the "White Dot Barbecue Stand," the "Oki-Doke Cafe," and the "Wonder Lunch Room" to attract passing tourists. Drive-in theaters and skating rinks began to appear along Kingston Pike during the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>The development of the Interstate Highway System in the 1950s and 1960s brought an end to the Dixie Lee Highway period. Interstate 40 and Interstate 75, which run roughly parallel to Kingston Pike, siphoned off most of the areas interstate traffic, and most of Kingston Pikes tourism-related businesses closed. Only a few buildings from Kingston Pike&#39;s Dixie Lee Highway period have survived to the present day, most notably the 11-70 Motor Court near Farragut, the Naples Restaurant in Bearden, and Dixie Lee Fireworks and the old Court Cafe building at Dixie Lee Junction.</p><br>
<h3>Later development</h3><br>
<p>With the advent of the automobile in the 1920s, Knoxvilles more affluent residents began fleeing urban neighborhoods for suburbs on the citys periphery. One of the earliest such suburbs was Sequoyah Hills, which was established just off Kingston Pike in the 1920s. After World War II, Kingston Pike experienced an explosion in suburban development. The establishment of suburbs such as West Hills led to a 38% population increase in the Kingston Pike area during the 1950s.</p><br>
<p>In 1961, Knoxville annexed a large stretch of land along Kingston Pike west of Sequoyah Hills, bringing several unincorporated communities into the city. The opening of West Town Mall in the 1970s resulted in the collapse of retail shopping in downtown Knoxville, and Kingston Pike became Knoxville&#39;s primary commercial corridor.</p><br>
<h2>Kingston Pike Historic District</h2><br>
<p>The Kingston Pike Historic District consists of two dozen houses and apartment buildings added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The houses, concentrated primarily on the road&#39;s 2000 and 3000 blocks, were constructed circa 1834&ndash;1930, and are thus representative of the period before strip malls and other retail outlets came to dominate the road. Architectural styles in the district include Federal, Georgian Revival, Bungalow, Tudor Revival, Queen Anne, Neoclassical Revival, and Spanish Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>Several buildings located along Kingston Pike are listed individually on the National Register, but are not part of the historic district. These include the Ossoli Circle Clubhouse (2511), the Tyson Junior High building (2607), the Benjamin Morton House (4084), Knollwood (6411), and the Avery Russell House (11409). The Baker Peters House (9000) was built before the Civil War, but is ineligible for listing due to numerous modifications. Several other listings are located just off Kingston Pike, ranging from the 1806-era Statesview in Ebenezer to the 1954 Hotpoint Living-Conditioned Home in West Hills.</p><br>
<h3>Notable houses</h3><br>
<p>Crescent Bend (2728), also called the Armstrong-Lockett House, a Federal-style brick house built by Drury Paine Armstrong (1799&ndash;1856) in 1834.</p><br>
<p>Van Dyke Apartments (2742), a two-story Spanish Colonial Revival-style brick apartment building constructed in 1927.</p><br>
<p>3024 Kingston Pike, a two-story brick Georgian Revival-style house built in 1930.</p><br>
<p>Monday Apartments (3039), a two-story Spanish Colonial Revival-style brick apartment building constructed circa 1928.</p><br>
<p>The Nicholas (3051&ndash;3065), a three-story Spanish Colonial Revival-style apartment building constructed circa 1930.</p><br>
<p>H. L. Dulin House (3100), also called Crescent Bluff, a two-story Neoclassical-style house constructed in 1915 and designed by architect John Russell Pope. From 1961 until 1987, this house was home to the Dulin Art Gallery, which eventually evolved into the Knoxville Museum of Art. The Dulin House was listed individually on the Register in 1974.</p><br>
<p>George Taylor House (3128), a two-story Queen Anne/Neoclassical house originally constructed in 1900, and remodeled in 1929 by Charles I. Barber of the firm, Barber & McMurry.</p><br>
<p>Bleak House (3148), also called Confederate Memorial Hall, a two-story Italianate-style house originally constructed in 1856 by Robert H. Armstrong, and remodeled in 1930. This house was listed individually on the Register in 1984.</p><br>
<p>Westwood (3425), a two-story Queen Anne/Richardsonian Romanesque house built in 1890 by John E. Lutz and Adelia Armstrong Lutz, and designed by the architectural firm, Baumann Brothers. This house was listed individually on the Register in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Kingston Pike is mentioned in the song The Ballad of Thunder Road as the location where a young moonshine runner died in a car crash.</p><br>
<p>The Waitotara River in New Zealand&#39;s North Island stretches approximately 100 km in length from its headwaters in the Matemateaonga Ranges to its mouth on the South Taranaki Bight. The river takes in significant tributaries such as the Ngutuwera, Makakaho, Pokeka, Omaru and Totara Streams.</p><br>
<h2>Settlements and access</h2><br>
<p>The river catchment and its tributaries are accessed via the Waitotara Valley Road and Ngutuwera Road, and associated side-roads. The village of Waitotara is the predominant settlement of the catchment, located at the junction of the Waitotara Valley Road and State Highway 3. The viability of the Waitotara settlement has recently been challenged by a number of devastating flood events, while the Waitotara School has undergone complete refurbishment.</p><br>
<p>Along the Waitotara River lie the localities of Rangitatau, Puau, Orangimea, Tawhiwhi, Makakaho Junction, Ngamatapouri and Taumatatahi. Ngutuwera catchment localities include Ngutuwera, Mangawhio, Waikare and the Omata Valley. Located in the upper reaches of the Makakaho Stream is the locality of Makakaho. The upper valley localities are particularly isolated, Ngamatapouri Primary School being 47 km from Waitotara village.</p><br>
<h2>Traditional Māori land use</h2><br>
<p>The Waitotara River is the home to Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi, a local Māori iwi. Hapu include Ngaa Ariki (Waipapa Marae), Ngaati Pourua (Takirau Marae), Ngaati Hine Waiatarua (Parehungahunga Marae), Te Ihupuku Marae, and Ngaati Hou Tipua (Whare Tapapa, Kaipo Marae). The Ngaa Rauru Kiitahi headquarters are in Wanganui.</p><br>
<p>The river was traditionally utilised as a means of transport. Food traditionally gathered from the Waitotara River include kakahi (fresh water mussels), tuna (eels), whitebait, smelt, flounder, and sole.</p><br>
<h2>Contemporary land use</h2><br>
<p>The lower catchment (together with the Ngutuwera, Makakahoe and Pokeke catchments) is largely reliant upon sheep and beef pastoral farming. The upper catchment (including the Omaru and Totara tributaries) remains as pristine forest, and is managed by DOC as the Waitotara Conservation Area. “Remote Adventures” operates a tourism service in Taumatatahi, 57 km from Waitotara village.</p><br>
<p>Dykh-Tau or Dykhtau , is a mountain located in Kabardino-Balkaria, Russia; its peak stands about 5 km north of the border with Georgia.</p><br>
<p>Dykh-Tau is the second highest of the Caucasus Mountains, after Mount Elbrus, and is the second highest mountain in Europe.</p><br>
<h2>Access</h2><br>
<p>Dykh-Tau is best accessed from the north (Russia). Bezingi village may be reached from Nalchik in Kabardino-Balkaria with infrequent public transport, here a 4WD vehicle must be hired. Thus Bezingi Alpine Camp is reached at 2180m. From here it takes a further 2 days to reach the base of the climb.</p><br>
<h2>Climbing routes</h2><br>
<p>This is one of the great Caucasian Peaks, facing the magnificent Bezingi Wall across the Bezingi Glacier. The first ascent in 1888 by Mummery and Zarfluh was a major achievement at the time. Their route up the SW Ridge is no longer used as the normal route which is now the North Ridge graded 4B (Russian Grading).</p><br>
<p>Starting from Misses Kosh the ridge is gained by first crossing the West Ridge of Misses-Tau then continuing to the Russian Bivouac located by a hanging glacier descending from the North Ridge of Dykhtau, 4 hours from Misses-Kosh. Once a notch between Misses-Tau and Dykhtau is gained, the North Ridge is followed to the summit. Allow 2 days from the Russian Bivouac, there are several good bivouac sites on the North Ridge.</p><br>
<h2>Mapping</h2><br>
<p>Various maps of Soviet military origin may be found on the internet. These are in Cyrillic. Two maps cover the area.</p><br>
<p>The Louisville and Nashville Turnpike was a toll road that ran from Louisville, Kentucky to Nashville, Tennessee during the 19th century. From Louisville, one route now called US highway 31W  ran through Elizabethtown, Munfordville, Glasgow Junction , Bowling Green, and Franklin to the Tennessee line. The other Route ran through Bardstown, Buffalo, Glasgow, and Scottsville and is currently named USA 31E. The name survives in abbreviated form along routes including Kentucky State Highways 335 and 470.</p><br>
<p>The route currently named US Hwy 31W was first proposed in 1825 by Kentucky Governor Joseph Desha. Approval of charters and allocation of funds was slow to come, typical of turnpike projects at the time, which represented very large endeavors. A portion was first approved in 1829 but was not started before the 3-year limit expired. Sections of the turnpike were approved in five separate Kentucky legislature bills, passed from 1833 to 1849.</p><br>
<p>Work began in 1837 and by 1849 about 106 mi were completed. The surface was macadamized, with toll booths about every 5 mi. Travel from Louisville to Nashville by stagecoach took about 3 days. Traffic was at its peak in the 1850s, but saw a decline in popularity when the Louisville and Nashville Railroad was completed in 1859.</p><br>
<p>During the latter half of the 19th century the turnpike fell into disrepair, and portions were gradually purchased by the counties through which they ran. By 1927, portions had become US 31, later US 31W, which is in turn a portion of the Dixie Highway.</p><br>
<p>A portion of the turnpike which ran through what is now Fort Knox has been preserved in its original form and is known as Bridges to the Past, and in use as a hiking trail. A section of the other Louisville and Nashville Turnpike as been preserved in Bardstown, Kentucky as the Cobblestone Path, which can be seen at the end of Flaget Street in the downtown area.</p><br>
<p>Black Cap is a mountain located in the town of Conway, New Hampshire, United States. It is located between Kearsarge North Mountain and Peaked Mountain. The rocky summit provides views of Maine and New Hampshire&#39;s White Mountains.</p><br>
<p>Cranmore Mountain Resort is located on its western subpeak, Cranmore Mountain.</p><br>
<p>Black Cap is part of a north-south-trending ridge known as the Green Hills. The next summit to the north on the ridge (towards Kearsarge North) is 2,100 ft Hurricane Mountain, and to the southwest is 1,857 ft Middle Mountain. Black Cap is located entirely in the watershed of the Saco River, which flows to the Gulf of Maine (Atlantic Ocean) near Saco, Maine. Tributaries of the Saco that flow off the mountain include Artist Brook to the west, Mason Brook to the south, White Lot Brook to the southeast, and Weeks Brook to the east.</p><br>
<p>Along the trail that leads to the top of Black Cap from Hurricane Mountain, there is a mountain biking trail created by NEMBA (New England Mountain Bike Association) called the Red Tail Trail. This trail descends further down Black Cap and Hurricane Mountain. It lets out near the intersection of Kearsarge Street and Hurricane Mountain Road (on the western side of Hurricane Mountain.)</p><br>
<p>Fengjia Night Market , also called Fengjia Shopping Town, is a night market in Xitun District, Taichung, Taiwan. The market is located next to Feng Chia University. It was claimed to be the largest night market in Taiwan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fengjia night market was established in 1963, established along with Feng Chia College of Engineering and Business (now Feng Chia University), the rising of the popularity stimulated the business of the nearby residential military dependents&#39; village. Food/drink stands, gracious stores, restaurants, were established along Wen-hua road (thus the night market is also called Wenhua night market), then expanding to Fengjia road (逢甲路), Fuxing road (福星路), Xi&#39;an street (西安街) etc.</p><br>
<p>On October 5, 2006, a managing committee of Fengjia Shopping Town (逢甲購物商城) has been established by the Department of Economic Development of Taichung (台中市經濟發展處), covering the surrounding areas such as Feng Chia night market, Bento street, etc., thus bringing the originally unlicensed operation of the night market under the office governance of Taichung city.</p><br>
<p>In November 2015, the night market was commended by the Ministry of Economic Affairs for its excellency in management, friendliness to tourists and sustainable practices to the environment.</p><br>
<h2>Subsection</h2><br>
<h3>Bi-giang Square</h3><br>
<h3>Flagship area theme nightmark</h3><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Next to Feng Chia University. (逢甲大學）</p><br>
<p>The George H. Kelly House is located at 1924 Binney Street in the Near North Side neighborhood of Omaha, Nebraska, United States. Built in 1904 in the Neo-Classical Revival style, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983, and designated a City of Omaha architectural landmark that same year.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Constructed in 1904, the Kelly House was designed by and built for George H. Kelly, the president of a manufacturing and distribution company for architectural millwork. The house features classically detailed structure directly influenced by the Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition, held nearby in Kountze Park in 1898, just six years before the house was constructed. The Kelly house is located in Kountze Place, a late nineteenth century neighborhood that was home to many of the city’s most successful business people.</p><br>
<p>Calvin Memorial Presbyterian Church, located at 3105 North 24th Street, was formed in 1954 as an integrated congregation in North Omaha, Nebraska. Originally called the North Presbyterian Church, the City of Omaha has reported, "Calvin Memorial Presbyterian Church is architecturally significant to Omaha as a fine example of the Neo-Classical Revival Style of architecture." It was designated a City of Omaha landmark in 1985; it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as North Presbyterian Church in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>Inspired by several buildings of the 1898 Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition held nearby in Kountze Place, the North Presbyterian Church was built in 1910. F. A. Henninger, an influential Omaha architect, designed the building to serve what was then an affluent suburb of Omaha.</p><br>
<p>Calvin Memorial Presbyterian Church was founded by Rev. Charles E. Tyler, also responsible for founding Hillside Presbyterian church in Omaha.</p><br>
<p>McRaven was built ca.1797 by Andrew Glass in a town called Walnut Hills, which is now Vicksburg, Mississippi. In the Civil War era, it was known as the Bobb House, and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as such. McRaven got its current name from the street it is located on, which was formerly called McRaven Street, but is now Harrison Street. McRaven has been on the Mississippi Department of Archives and History&#39;s Historic Preservation list since January 8, 1978. It is also believed by many to be haunted, and has been called "the most haunted house in Mississippi."</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first part of what is now McRaven was built by Andrew Glass ca. 1797 and originally serving as a way station for pioneers en route to Nashville, Tennessee along the Natchez Trace to the Mississippi River. As first built, McRaven consisted of only a kitchen with one room above it, this part of the house is now known as the "Pioneer Section".</p><br>
<p>In 1836, Sheriff Stephen Howard bought the house and added the middle dining room and the bedroom above it, built in Empire architectural style. Sheriff Howard&#39;s wife Mary Elizabeth Howard died during childbirth in late August, 1836 in the middle bedroom.</p><br>
<p>The house was purchased by John H. Bobb in 1849, Bobb built the rest of the house in Greek Revival style. During the Civil War&#39;s 1863 Siege of Vicksburg, McRaven was used as a Confederate field hospital and camp site. Since it was located so close to the railroad, a major point of battle, the house was battered by cannon blasts from both the Union and Confederate forces. However, it still stands.</p><br>
<p>On May 18, 1864, after Vicksburg had fallen to Union forces, John Bobb noticed a group of six drunken Union occupation soldiers picking flowers from his garden. Outraged, Bobb promptly ordered them to leave immediately, the soldiers cursed at him and refused to leave, so John picked up a brick and threw it at them, knocking a sergeant to the ground. The soldiers left, vowing to burn down Bobbs house. Bobb then reported the incident to the Federal Commander of Vicksburg, Gen. Henry W. Slocum who dismissively said he would admonish those responsible. Upon returning to the gates of his home, Bobb was met by 25 Union troops who took him to Stouts Bayou, about 100 yards from the house, and fatally shot him in the back and face. Bobbs death was the first recorded act of violence perpetrated by Union troops after the Siege. Johns widow Selina Bobb sold the house to a realtor in 1869, and moved to a family plantation outside of New Orleans, Louisiana called Sunnyside.</p><br>
<p>McRaven was eventually sold to William Murray in 1882. Murray and his wife Ellen Flynn raised four daughters and three sons in McRaven. William Murray died at the house in 1911, his wife Ellen died there in 1921, their daughter Ida died in 1946, and a son died in 1950, all in McRaven. From this point on, William&#39;s daughters Annie and Ella Murray, both unmarried, lived alone in the house with no modern conveniences aside from a telephone, and no contact with the outside world except their doctor, Walter Johnston. In 1960, Ella Murray died at the age of 81, and her sister Annie sold the house after moving to a nursing home. At this point, the house was in such disrepair that neighbors and nearby residents had no idea it existed. The upper story was completely overgrown with vines and the sisters had resorted to chopping up the antique furniture for firewood.</p><br>
<p>In 1960, the house was sold to the Bradway family, who restored McRaven and opened it to the public as a tour home in 1961, which it remains today. In 1984, Leyland French purchased McRaven and did further restoration, French was the first owner since the Murrays to reside in the house. Aside from a modern kitchen and bathroom in its basement, McRaven has remained largely unchanged since the 19th century. For this reason, McRaven was featured in the July 1963 issue of National Geographic Magazine which called it the "Time Capsule of the South."</p><br>
<p>In May 2007, owner Leyland French put McRaven up for sale for $1,750,000. As of at least July 2011, the house is currently closed for tours and Mr. French is not living on the property. It is hopeful that the house will be reopened for public tours after it is sold.</p><br>
<p>In August 2015, Steven and Kendra Reed purchased the home. They will be reopening it for both historical and ghost tours starting October 2, 2015. It is a great honor to have the house opened to the public once again.</p><br>
<h2>Ghosts</h2><br>
<p>Adding to the legend of McRaven being haunted, at least five occupants have died inside the house, and former owner John Bobb was murdered just outside its premises. Its also very likely that a few Confederate soldiers died on the property during the time it was used as a field hospital. Reports of ghostly activity are said to spread throughout the house, but the center of activity seems to be the middle bedroom upstairs, the room where Mary Elizabeth Howard (age 15) died during childbirth. Her ghost is believed to be responsible for the bedside lamp in this room, which has been reported to turn on and off, seemingly at will. In the time before Leyland French bought the house and started living there in 1984, the previous owners who didnt reside in the home, were frequently awakened by calls in the middle of the night telling them the lights at McRaven had come on. Mary Elizabeth&#39;s</p><br>
<p>ghostly apparition has appeared on the houses flying wing staircase, and in the dining room. While handling Mary Elizabeths wedding shawl, some people say it emits heat, while others claim it about jumped out of their hands.</p><br>
<p>Current McRaven owner Leyland French once saw the ghost of former owner William Murray on the staircase, and after realizing who it was, and the fact that he is dead, a frightened French ran to upstairs to the Bobb bedroom and locked the door. He later called a local Episcopal priest and had the house blessed. The spirits of Ella and Annie Murray are also said to roam the grounds of McRaven.</p><br>
<h2>Famous Tour Guests</h2><br>
<p>Amongst the thousands of visitors to McRaven since it opened for tours in 1961, are Max Baer, Jr. and Irene Ryan of the sitcom The Beverly Hillbillies, who toured the house in the mid-1960s—an autographed photo of them at the house hangs in the foyer of McRaven.</p><br>
<p>Kožuf mountain or Tzena / Zona  is a mountain situated in the southern part of the Republic of Macedonia and partly in Greece.</p><br>
<p>Its most western parts reach the river Blashnica, and the north-western side stretches in a line, from the Mrezhichko village via the village of Konopishte, through the course of Boshava to the city of Demir Kapija. Kozuf is a specific mountain because it is the first natural barrier in the Republic of Macedonia that is directly exposed to the influences of the Mediterranean and the Aegean Sea. Its highest peak is Zelenbeg (or Portes), at 2,171 meters above the sea level.</p><br>
<p>A new and modern ski center was built recently on the mountain. A ski jumping hill was going to be built in 2009 and was planned to be completed in spring 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Photo</h2><br>
<p>San Gabriel Peak is a summit in the San Gabriel Mountains in the USA state of California. It was named by the United States Geological Survey in 1894 and is located in the Angeles National Forest. This peak was first named The Commodore for Commodore Perry Switzer.</p><br>
<h2>Background</h2><br>
<p>The name is derived from the Misión del Santo Arcangel San Gabriel de los Temblores. From this mission had already come the names of the San Gabriel River and San Gabriel Canyon, the mountain range itself and the entire San Gabriel Valley.</p><br>
<p>The steep south face drops approximately 1,000 feet into the center of an amphitheater at the top of Eaton Canyon, forming one of the most sustained steep slopes in the Western San Gabriel mountain range.</p><br>
<p>The Hebrew Cemetery in Richmond, Virginia, also known as Hebrew Burying Ground, dates from 1816. This Jewish cemetery, one of the oldest in the United States, was founded in 1816 as successor to the Franklin Street Burial Grounds of 1789. Among those interred here is Josephine Cohen Joel, who was well known in the early 20th century as the founder of Richmond Art Co. Within Hebrew Cemetery is a plot known as the</p><br>
<p>Soldier&#39;s Section. It contains the graves of 30 Jewish Confederate soldiers who died in or near Richmond.</p><br>
<p>It is the only Jewish military cemetery outside of the State of Israel.</p><br>
<p>Located at Fourth and Hospital Streets on historic Shockoe Hill, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>The cemetery is maintained by Congregation Beth Ahabah, a Reform congregation founded in Richmond in 1789.</p><br>
<p>The Central City/Black Hawk Historic District is a National Historic Landmark District that encompasses Central City and Black Hawk, Colorado. They are adjacent former gold mining camps in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Gilpin County, Colorado, United States. For a time, the area was known as the Richest Square Mile on Earth.</p><br>
<p>The district was designated a National Historic Landmark on July 4, 1961.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>On May 5, 1859, John H. Gregory discovered a rich deposit of gold in hard rock, the first such discovery in the Rocky Mountain region. Thousands of miners flooded into Gregory Gulch in the next few months in the Pikes Peak Gold Rush. Several mining camps were thrown up near the Gregory Lode, and these camps eventually coalesced into Central City and Black Hawk. The area around the Gregory Lode quickly came to be known as the Richest Square Mile on Earth&#39;. By the time the Territory of Colorado was formed on February 28, 1861, Central City was already the largest city in the entire territory, though it lost out to Denver for State Capitol.</p><br>
<p>Recently, the area has approved casinos and has seen a resurgence in attention and funds as a result.</p><br>
<p>The Georgetown–Silver Plume National Historic District is a federally designated United States National Historic Landmark that comprises the Town of Georgetown, the Town of Silver Plume, and the Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park between the two silver mining towns along Clear Creek in the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains in Clear Creek County, Colorado, United States.</p><br>
<p>The district includes well preserved examples of the buildings and mining structures of the Colorado Silver Boom from 1864 to 1893. The Georgetown Loop Historic Mining & Railroad Park includes the reconstructed Georgetown Loop, a spectacular example of 19th-century narrow gauge railway engineering required to negotiate the 601 feet (183 meters) of elevation rise in the mere 2.0 miles (3.2 kilometers) between the two towns. Historic steam locomotives pull passenger trains over the loop from late May through the beautiful Autumn colors of early October. Guided tours of the Lebanon Silver Mine are also available.</p><br>
<p>The district was designated a National Historic Landmark on 1966-11-13.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Los Alamitos takes its name from a Mexican land grant in southwestern Los Angeles County and northwestern Orange County, California. Los Alamitos means the Little Cottonwoods or Poplars in Spanish, after the native Fremont Cottonwood  trees there.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Los Alamitos originally included much of present-day eastern Long Beach and all of the Orange County cities/communities of Los Alamitos and Rossmoor and most of Seal Beach, Cypress, Stanton and Garden Grove in Southern California. It is also sometimes referred to as Bixby Ranch, after its last private owners. The early 19th century adobe ranch house, still stands today, housing a museum which presents the history of the area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The history of the 85,000 acre Rancho Los Alamitos is almost a microcosm for the history of expansion throughout Southern California, from the Native Americana cultures to contemporary times. The area was first the location of the major circa 500 C.E. - 1780s Tongva—Gabrieliño sacred ceremonial and trading village of Povuu&#39;nga, now an archeological site. After Spanish occupation the ownership was to change and the boundaries would shrink many times. Situated in the floodplain between the mouths of the ever-shifting Los Angeles, San Gabriel and Santa Ana Rivers, the coastal plain terrain of the rancho is virtually flat rich soil, and was subject to frequent flooding. The rancho building itself is located near Puvunga springs alongside on one of the few small hills, Alamitos Mesa, in the area.</p><br>
<p>Rancho Los Alamitos was one of five ranchos that resulted from the partition of the original Rancho Los Nietos grant given to Manuel Nieto, a former sergeant in the Spanish army, in 1784 by governor Pedro Fages, coincidentally his former commander. Nieto&#39;s grant was not only one of the first three awarded by the Spanish in Alta California, it was also the largest. After Nieto died, his children requested his original grant be partitioned. In 1834, Mexican governor José Figueroa officially declared Rancho Los Alamitos as one of the five partitions.</p><br>
<p>In 1844 the rancho was purchased by Abel Stearns, a Massachusetts native who typified the many Yankees who settled in California and merged with the ruling Mexican Californios population. Stearns, who married Arcadia Bandini, the daughter of the early Spanish regional civic and business leader Juan Bandini, became one of the leading merchants and major ranchos owners in Mexican Alta California.</p><br>
<p>The rancho was on the periphery of the battles that settled the California Campaign of the Mexican-American War by 1846. During the California Gold Rush, the rancho supplied much of the beef that would be herded north to feed the growing number of Immigrants who were flocking to the gold fields of Northern California from 1848 on. After California became a USA state in 1850, Rancho Los Alamitos was the headquarters of the largest cattle ranch then in existence in the United States. Through shrewd business dealings, Stearns assumed control of Los Alamitos and many other surrounding ranchos.</p><br>
<p>After a disastrous drought in the 1860s, Stearns lost control of the ranch which was then sub-let to a number of farmers until the early 1880s when John Bixby, a cousin of Jotham Bixby and Llewellyn Bixby who controlled the adjacent Rancho Los Cerritos, bought the rancho along with a group which included his cousins and Isaias Hellman, the founder of the Farmers and Merchants Bank of Los Angeles.</p><br>
<p>Trying to capitalize on the 1880s Southern California land boom, John Bixby developed the townsite of Alamitos Beach, which would eventually be assumed by Long Beach. Before Bixby, could do much more, he died suddenly in 1888, apparently an appendicitis attack, and Rancho Los Alamitos was separated between the three major parties—The developed Alamitos Beach properties were shared equally, while of the rest of the rancho, John Bixbys heirs kept the central section, the Bixby cousins from Rancho Los Cerritos assumed control of the northern portion of the rancho, and Hellman took control of the southern lands around present day Seal Beach. Unfortunately, a financial crisis prevented the various parties from seriously pursuing John Bixbys dream of developing Alamitos Beach.</p><br>
<p>The Bixbys had once flirted with sugar beet production on their Northern California properties. Now in the still financially struggling 1890s, Jotham Bixby arranged to provide land for sugar beet production and recruited the capital of William Clark, who was amongst the richest men in the United States then, from his ownership of Montana copper and Arizona silver mines and of power companies and railroads, to build a sugar beet refinery plant on a portion of the Bixby Ranch property. Later oil discoveries from the Long Beach Oil Field funded the rancho.</p><br>
<p>The historic ranch house, surrounding ranching facilities, and some open landscape of Rancho Los Alamitos can still be found adjacent to Cal State Long Beach. The Bixby family descendants donated the property to the City of Long Beach in 1967.</p><br>
<h2>Historic sites of the Rancho</h2><br>
<p>The early 19th century adobe ranch house still stands today with its historic gardens by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Florence Yoch & Lucile Council, are on the National Register of Historic Places, and open to the public. The Rancho Los Alamitos house and grounds are a museum which presents the history of the rancho era, the country house era, and the region.</p><br>
<p>The First Presbyterian Church of Golden and the Unger House are two buildings in the Foothills Art Center in Golden, Colorado, United States. Together they were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, and are the most prominent landmarks of Golden&#39;s Court House Hill neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>First Presbyterian Church & Manse</h2><br>
<p>The main building of the Foothills complex, the historic First Presbyterian Church was originally built in 1872 as the southwesterly portion of the present building. Originally it was a small east-west oriented chapel with Gothic stained glass windows and brick buttresses, for the congregation founded in 1870 by the famed circuit riding minister Sheldon Jackson. The church was built on land donated by William A.H. Loveland. In 1898 the growing congregation hired prominent area architect James H. Gow to redesign and add onto the building, which transformed it into a roughly cross-shaped chapel with northeast corner bell tower, with smooth new facing brick enabling the whole to match. The place continued serving as the First Presbyterian Church until the congregation outgrew this space and moved to south Golden in 1958. The fledgling Jefferson Unitarian Church, led by C. Leon Hopper, then took over the church building, and worshipped here for 10 years until moving to their own home east of Golden in Applewood in 1968. By that time, Golden sidewalk art sales were calling attention to the need for an area art center of its own, which led to the creation of the Foothills Art Center, which took over the already artistic space. It has since become one of the renowned art exhibition places of Colorado.</p><br>
<p>The Manse of the complex is the northwest wing of the Foothills gallery complex. It was built freestanding in 1892 as the home for the minister of the First Presbyterian Church. It is a Queen Anne-styled home with upper story fishscale siding and onion dome tower. Through additions added in 1898, 1920 and 1947 the main church was linked to this building. It now serves as the main entrance and gift shop of the Foothills Art Center.</p><br>
<h2>Unger House</h2><br>
<p>The Unger House, also historically known as the Rubey House, is a brick house which stands south of the First Presbyterian Church building on Washington Avenue. It was originally designed and built in 1899 by prominent Golden builder Perre O. Unger. It is Edwardian style, featuring a northeast corner tower and ornamental front porch. Built as a speculation, it was sold in 1900 to banker Jesse W. Rubey as a home for family matriarch Ella M. Rubey. Around 1990 the home was purchased by the Foothills Art Center and now serves as their offices.</p><br>
<p>Fischer Field Stadium is the signature athletic field in Newton, Kansas, and is located in Athletic Park. The stadium is used for athletic events — including high school football and soccer, competitive leagues, and semi-pro football — concerts, Newton High School graduation and a variety of community events and festivals. The stadium is listed on both the Kansas Register and National Register of Historic Places. It can seat up to 5,000 people.</p><br>
<h2>Fischer Field history</h2><br>
<p>Dr. John T. Axtell, owner of the land upon which Athletic Park sits, came to Newton in 1878. He served as the principal of one of the city schools for two years, saving money to enter the University of Michigan Medical School. After the two-year course there and studies at Bellevue Hospital Medical College in New York City, he was awarded the degree of Doctor of Medicine in 1883. In 1887, Dr. Axtell established the first hospital in Newton. His wife, Lucena Chase Axtell, with two young daughters in tow, then attended the College of Physicians and Surgeons in Kansas City. She graduated in 1895, becoming one of the first female physicians in the nation. Dr. Lucena Axtell and Dr. J.L. Abbey joined Dr. Axtell in medical practice at the Axtell Hospital, eventually establishing the Axtell Clinic.</p><br>
<p>As well as contributing greatly to medicine in the state, Dr. John Axtell was an entrepreneur interested in livestock, horses, and horse racing. Dr. Axtell’s Newton Driving and Athletic Association built what became known as "one of the fastest half-mile race tracks in the state" upon land he owned. In 1909, Dr. Axtell sold the land to the City of Newton for $5,000, financed though a 10-year bond issue. This purchase included most of the land that is now Athletic Park. Since 1909, Athletic Park has served many functions, including hosting an automobile tourist camp in the early days of automobile travel, quoted in a Chamber of Commerce pamphlet in the mid-1920s to be "one of the most comfortable and commodious tourist camps in Kansas." The race track in the park was used for horse, motorcycle, and automobile racing; the park also contained ball fields, playgrounds, and picnic shelters. A zoo with several animals and a working small-scale railroad entertained a generation of children in the 1960s. Newtonians swam in Sand Creek at Athletic Park until the public swimming pool was built in the park in 1934.</p><br>
<p>In 1935, the City of Newton was granted funds by the Works Progress Administration, a New Deal program for recovery from the Great Depression, to build a football stadium in Athletic Park. The stadium was completed in 1936. More than 1,400 athletic fields and 1,800 swimming pools were constructed with New Deal funds, but stadiums were rare. Fischer Field is a significant historic structure in Newton because of its ties to the New Deal programs and the rarity of a stadium funded by those programs. It is one of the few remaining remnants of the City’s development in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The stadium has been the home of Newton High School football and until 2005, the home of Bethel College football, as well as community events. The stadium, named Curtis Fischer Field in 1992, was placed on the Kansas Register of Historic Places in August 2003 and on the National Register of Historic Places in December 2003. Another structure in the park listed on the state and national registers is the Mennonite Settler statue, sculpted in 1942 by artist Max Nixon.</p><br>
<h2>Rehabilitation</h2><br>
<p>In 2004, the City of Newton, Newton Recreation Commission and USD 373 committed a total of 1.8 mills of property taxes to upgrade athletic facilities citywide. This included the renovation, rehabilitation and additions to Fischer Field Stadium. Funding for the stadium project also came from a Heritage Trust Fund Grant from the Kansas State Historical Society and private contributions.</p><br>
<p>The Fischer Field Stadium project included construction of a one-story masonry and concrete structure that houses public restrooms and concession sales, two public plazas at either end of the existing stadium, new visitor bleachers, and concrete walkways and pad; and renovations and historic preservation work on the existing stadium, including new locker rooms, full ADA upgrades, restrooms, mechanical systems, electrical systems and bleachers. Two paved parking lots were constructed, and new low-level lighting was also added. The project also included removal of the natural turf and installation of state-of-the-art artificial turf by FieldTurf, new goal posts, and new field lighting and sound system.</p><br>
<p>A private fundraising campaign, "Fields of Memories," raised about $125,000 for the project from Newton High School alumni and supporters. In August 2005, the Newton Kansan published a commemorative edition about Fischer Field that included citizens’ thoughts about the renovations and memories of the historic field. Hundreds attended a ribbon-cutting and grand opening celebration, which featured food, entertainment, and tours of the newly renovated stadium.</p><br>
<h2>Namesake</h2><br>
<p>The field is named after "John Curtis Fischer". He was born in Leroy, Kansas, December 11, 1921. He married Betty Lorraine Heath of Madison (DOB 11Nov1922), Kansas. He played football at Emporia State Teachers College in Kansas and was co-captain with "Bernie" Taylor. He graduated from Emporia State in 1943 and subsequently served in the United States Navy as a "90-Day Wonder" officer. He entered and left military service as a Lieutenant J.G. He was on board LST-540 on D-Day during the Normandy invasion. Curtis also served in the Pacific Theater until the Japanese surrendered and was honorably discharged after the war.</p><br>
<p>He coached football and basketball after World War II in Madison, Kansas before moving to Newton, Kansas in 1949. "Curtis", as he was known, coached the first Arkansas Valley Football Championship Team in 1951-2. He loved sports and competition. Funds being sparse he would often go the football field during summer nights to change the sprinklers for the newly planted seeds to help assure a good field in the upcoming fall competition. Curtis also coached track in the spring and was successful in helping a talented runner obtain a scholarship to the University of Missouri. The athlete&#39;s name was Henry Wiebe. Henry still holds the 220 yard dash state record of 21.0 seconds. The 220-dash is now run around the curve. Henry also set a state record in the 120-yard high hurdles and broke a national record in the 180-yard low hurdles while finishing second to Charles Tidwell.</p><br>
<p>Curtis related that his successes where not his own but rather the talent, intelligence and commitment of the young men he mentored. Most of the young with whom Curtis related, both on and off the field of competition, found themselves leading productive lives through his leadership.</p><br>
<p>Curtis became the Vice-Principal of Newton High School but longed to return to the classroom, which he did, finishing 38 years of teaching and coaching at Chisholm Junior High School. He and Betty had three children, Larry, Ronald (Ron) and Linda. Curtis died in August 1991. His wife Betty was active in attaching his name to the field and sport he loved so well.</p><br>
<p>Curtis was inducted posthumously into the sports Halls of Fame at both Newton and Emporia State.</p><br>
<p>Old Broadway Synagogue is an Orthodox Jewish synagogue in Harlem, Manhattan, New York City incorporated in 1911 under the name Chevra Talmud Torah Anshei Marovi, by an immigrant named Morris Schiff. Schiff was a Polish immigrant who lived in the Harlem area, an area with a high Jewish population at the time. The building is listed individually on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Synagogue is located at 15 Old Broadway (a rare vestige of the Bloomingdale Road in Manhattan). The Old Broadway Synagogue is a "vernacular" style synagogue built in 1923 by the architectural firm of Meisner & Uffner. The congregation formed from the mostly Ashkenazic Jewish population of Russian and Polish immigrants to New York during the 1880s who had made their way up to Central Harlem, then migrated to blocks west. The members initially met in storefronts and purportedly in the back room of a bar until the congregation purchased a house on Old Broadway. This structure was torn down shortly thereafter to make way for the synagogue. The congregation had an active Talmud Torah (Hebrew school) probably from its founding until the 1960s or 1970s. Among its early rabbis were the author Simon Glazer and Shepard Brodie.</p><br>
<p>The Synagogue is perhaps best known for its late rabbi, Jacob Kret, a former rosh yeshiva (head of a rabbinic academy) in Bialystok and later Ostrow Mazowiecka, Poland. After the division of Poland between Germany and USSR, Rabbi Kret was arrested by the Soviet authorities while attempting to bring his students to relative safety in Lithuania. He was then deported to a Soviet labor camp, and was later released. After the war, Rabbi Kret headed a yeshiva that was in or associated with the Displaced Persons camp in Zeilsheim, a section of Frankfurt. By the time Rabbi Kret became the spiritual leader of the Old Broadway Synagogue in 1950, many of the founding families had moved away. Rabbi Kret recruited Holocaust survivors who were moving to New York at that time to settle in the vicinity of the synagogue. These survivors, many of whom came from Polish Hasidic backgrounds, helped fill the synagogue in the 1950s and 1960s. By the time most of these had moved away, in the 1970s and 1980s, Rabbi Kret had become a mashgiach (kosher food supervisor) in the nearby Barnard College dining hall as well as a Talmud tutor at the Jewish Theological Seminary of America students. As such Rabbi Kret had a deep influence on many Columbia University, Barnard College and Jewish Theological Seminary students until he retired from the Synagogue in November 1997. He died in February 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Since 2000, the Synagogue has attracted young people who live in Harlem and Washington Heights, as well as from Morningside Heights and the Upper West Side. The Synagogue offers a weekly class on Pirkei Avot (Ethics of the Fathers), a section of the Talmud containing ethical maxims. In Fall 2014, the Synagogue hired Mike Moskowitz, as rabbi. Prior to coming to Old Broadway, Rabbi Moskowitz ran the kollel (study hall) in Richmond, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>Dr. Paul Radensky, Museum Educator for Jewish Schools for the Museum of Jewish Heritage - A Living Memorial to the Holocaust, is the current president of the congregation and has overseen fundraising and renovations for the Synagogue.</p><br>
<p>Angels Landing, known earlier as the Temple of Aeolus, is a 1,488 ft tall rock formation in Zion National Park in southern Utah, United States. A trail, cut into solid rock in 1926, leads to the top of Angels Landing and provides a spectacular view of Zion Canyon.</p><br>
<h2>Trail</h2><br>
<p>The trail to Angels Landing is 2.4 mi long. It begins at the Grotto drop off point on the parks shuttle system, which operates from early spring through late fall. It roughly follows the path of the Virgin River for some time, slowly gaining elevation in sandy terrain. As the trail gets steeper and leaves behind the river, it becomes paved. After a series of steep switchbacks, the trail goes through the area between Angels Landing and the Zion Canyon that is a gradual ascent. Walters Wiggles, a series of 21 steep switchbacks, are the last hurdle before Scout Lookout. The wiggles are named after Walter Ruesch, who was the first superintendent for Zion National Park and constructed the switchbacks in 1926.</p><br>
<p>Scout Lookout is generally the turnaround point for those who are unwilling to make the final summit push to the top of Angels Landing. The last half-mile of the trail is strenuous and lined with numerous sharp drop offs and narrow paths. Chains to grip are provided for portions of the last half-mile to the top at 5,790 ft.</p><br>
<p>The National Park Service website officially recognizes five fatalities where suspicious activity was not involved along Angels Landing.</p><br>
<p>Robinswood Hill is a hill and country park to the south of the city centre of Gloucester, close to the Stroud Road . It rises to 650 ft , and is owned and managed by Gloucester City Council&#39;s Countryside Unit. The Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust also has its head office based here.</p><br>
<p>It was originally one of the main sources of water to the city. The springs rising on Robin&#39;s Wood Hill were used by Gloucester Abbey in the 13th century. Reservoirs were built by the Gloucester Water Company in 1837-8 and taken over by the City in 1855. Robinswood Hill ceased to provide water supply in 1924 but the reservoirs remained in use for storage until 1946; they have now been backfilled to provide carparks and a countryside centre for the thousands of visitors that use the hill for recreation and inspiration.</p><br>
<p>It is home to several species of wildlife, and has views of the surrounding area - including other hills of Gloucester, the Cotswolds, Malvern Hills, May Hill and on a clear day the Severn Bridges.</p><br>
<p>The country park itself is a 100 hectare site. On the other side of the Hill is a dry ski slope and golf course complex. The park is a Local Nature Reserve, and an area called Robin&#39;s Wood Hill Quarry is a Site of Special Scientific Interest.</p><br>
<p>The Keirle House is located at 3017 Mormon Street in the Florence neighborhood of North Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1905 in the classic box style popular in the Midwest, the Keirle House was designated an Omaha Landmark in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Keirle House was built by the founder and owner of the Keirle Ice Company, which cut its ice from the Florence Water Works and shipped them across the Midwest for top price. Its four bedrooms occupy a small estate in the middle of Florence.</p><br>
<p>The Florence Historical Foundation restored this house in 1996 after the death of Maude Keirle, the last member of the only family that ever lived there. Built with a variety of styles, the Keirle House is a Midwest "classic box" with Queen Anne and classical revival details. It was built to face the town square of Winter Quarters, which the Mormons originally laid out in 1846.</p><br>
<p>Until February 2011, the House previously served as offices for the Uta Halee Girls Village executive offices.</p><br>
<p>On November 9, 2011, Omahas Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission voted to delay a vote indefinitely on removing the Houses historic landmark designation. The owners of the home had requested the designation be removed to ease the property&#39;s sale.</p><br>
<p>On March 9, 2012, the Keirle House was purchased by Robert and Kristina Mitchell for the purchase price of $110,000. Robert and Kristina will use the house as their primary residence. The House remains on Omaha&#39;s Landmarks Heritage Preservation Commission registry.</p><br>
<p>The Sherman is a historically significant apartment building located at 2501 North 16th Street in the Near North Side of Omaha, Nebraska. Built in 1897, it was designated an Omaha landmark in 1985; in 1986 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>About</h2><br>
<p>The Sherman is a Neo-Classical Revival style apartment building, and according to the City of Omaha, was one of the first three apartment buildings constructed in Omaha. Named for Sherman Avenue, the former name of Omaha&#39;s North Sixteenth Street, today the three-story building is the oldest apartment building in the city. It has been in continuous use as an apartment since its construction.</p><br>
<p>George H. Payne, developer of the Sherman, was one of the eleven board of directors of Omaha’s 1898 Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition which was held in nearby Kountze Park. The build site of the Sherman was selected because it was on the direct route to the entrance of the impending Trans-Mississippi and International Exposition and at the intersection of two important street car lines. Architecturally the Sherman is unique to the City, exhibiting the influence of the 1893 World&#39;s Columbian Exposition. In its use of classical elements, it also anticipates later apartment buildings with its simple, rectangular brick form.</p><br>
<p>The Walter H. Gale House, located in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois, was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and constructed in 1893. The house was commissioned by Walter H. Gale of a prominent Oak Park family and is the first home Wright designed after leaving the firm of Adler and Sullivan. The Gale House was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 17, 1973.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The house was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1893 for Walter H. Gale, who was a member of one of Oak Parks "founding families" and a local hardware store operator. The house was the first design undertaken after he left Louis Sullivans firm, Adler & Sullivan. The house followed on in the nature of Wright&#39;s own home and was one of a series of modest homes designed in 1892 and 1893. Two of these homes were designed for Walter Gale on a speculative basis, the other being known as the Robert P. Parker House, which stand down Chicago Avenue from the Gale House.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house is designed in a geometric Queen Anne style and demonstrates Wrights predilection for informal planning. The Queen Anne design, influenced by Wrights first teacher, Louis Sullivan, demonstrates just how far Wright had to go before his early modern style, known as Prairie style, was fully mature. The Gale House is clearly a Queen Anne style home, evidence of this can be found in the complexity of the massing, the dormer details, Palladian windows in the side gables and the varied textures of shingles, siding and brick as well as diamond pane and leaded glass. Despite the evident Queen Anne elements, the Gale House has a geometric purity which is unconventional. It represents the beginning of Wright&#39;s move to free himself from the constraints of historic design styles.</p><br>
<p>The frame construction home is built upon a granite foundation with an exterior covering of mostly narrow clapboards. The original diamond-pane, leaded glass casement windows are intact. On the interior the home&#39;s ground floor consists of a stairway, reception room, living room, dining room, kitchen and pantry. The hall is paneled in oiled birch and has a railing with "highly attenuated balusters framing the stairs." The second floor features four bedrooms, one with a bathroom and fireplace. The third floor houses a large room laid out on an east–west axis.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The house is one of the earliest independent designs by Frank Lloyd Wright and is especially important as a link in Wright&#39;s evolution from a more traditional style to the later designs of his early modern style. The house, listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places on August 17, 1973, also shows the effect that Louis Sullivan had on the young architect and the eventual disciplined and geometric direction Wright went with his designs.</p><br>
<p>The Brembo  is a 74 km Italian river, a left tributary of the Adda, which runs entirely within the Province of Bergamo in the Lombardy Region.</p><br>
<p>The Brembo springs from the Bergamo Alps at the foot of Pizzo del Diavolo; on reaching Lenna it is united with a second branch which flows from the mountains of Mezzoldo. During its course it is fed by numerous of water courses; those with the greatest flows are the Stabina, from Valtorta, the Parina, the Enna, a torrente of the Val Taleggio which joins the Brembo in the small town of San Giovanni Bianco, the Ambria, a torrente of the Valle Serina and the Dordo, a stream of Isola di Bergamo.</p><br>
<p>The Brembo flows into the Adda near Crespi dAdda, between the communes of Capriate San Gervasio, Canonica dAdda and Vaprio d&#39;Adda, at the border between the provinces of Bergamo and Milan.</p><br>
<p>In the course of the centuries the river has seen many floods, often on a disastrous scale as was the case on 18 July 1987 when immense damage was done to the environs of the Val Brembana.</p><br>
<p>The Peter A. Beachy House is a home in the Chicago suburb of Oak Park, Illinois that was entirely remodeled by architect Frank Lloyd Wright in 1906. The house that stands today is almost entirely different from the site&#39;s original home, a Gothic cottage. The home is listed as a contributing property to the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District, which was listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The original home, a Gothic cottage, was almost entirely replaced when banker Peter A. Beachy commissioned Frank Lloyd Wright to "remodel" the home. The house is set at right angles to the street to utilize part of the cottage&#39;s original foundation and take full advantage of a southern exposure. Wright built this house after returning from a trip to Japan, and the exterior has several Japan-inspired elements.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>Though the Beachy House incorporates an earlier structure, the original building is completely obliterated on the interior. The only points that the original house, known as the Fargo House, still exist are found in the basement of the Beachy House. The house has seven gables and sits on the largest residential lot in Oak Park.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Peter A. Beachy House is an example of Wright&#39;s prairie design work. It is listed as a contributing property to the Frank Lloyd Wright-Prairie School of Architecture Historic District. The historic district joined the USA National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Aldenham Reservoir is situated in the parish of Elstree and Borehamwood in Hertfordshire, England, about one mile  to the west of the village of Elstree.</p><br>
<p>Originally, it was 65 acre in extent, but following repairs to the dam its surface area is now 55 acre. It was built between 1795 and 1797 by the Grand Junction Canal Company, to control the water levels in the River Colne following the construction of the Grand Junction Canal, and was hand dug by French prisoners of war.</p><br>
<p>It is the source of the stream, Tykes Water, that runs north through Radlett. Nearby is the much larger Hilfield Park Reservoir, a nature reserve owned by Affinity Water.</p><br>
<p>It now forms the centrepiece of the Aldenham Country Park and is used for recreational purposes, including fishing and sailing.</p><br>
<p>The islets of Granada  are located in Lake Nicaragua, just southeast of the city of Granada in Nicaragua. The islets are a group of 365 small islands scattered about the Asese peninsula. The islets are of volcanic origin, they were formed when the Mombacho volcano blew much of its cone into the lake thousands of years ago, thereby creating the archipelago. Most of the islets are covered with vegetation and rich with bird life.</p><br>
<p>Many of the islets are occupied. Some are privately owned and hold homes or vacation houses. There are facilities for the residents and for tourists. Hotels and shops are established on some of the islets, and boating tours are available.</p><br>
<h2>Fort on the islets</h2><br>
<p>The fort of San Pablo is located on the islets in Lake Nicaragua. The fort of San Pablo was built in order to protect the city of Granada from Pirates in the 18th century. The San Pablo Fort on the Islets has witnessed the battles and conflicts endured during the Colonial Period.</p><br>
<h2>Somoza's dictatorship and subsequent history</h2><br>
<p>Many residents of the islands were forced to relocate to the mainland in the 1990s after having lived there for several generations. During Somoza&#39;s dictatorship, members of his National Guard forced many locals to either sell their islands or risk being forcibly removed. After the Sandinista revolution, many of islands were returned to their previous owners. By 1990, when the Sandinistas lost power in a general election, land titles had yet to be provided to the residents. Working through the then anti-Sandinista court system, the islands were returned to family members of the original National Guard who had "confiscated" the islands. Some of these islands have been sold to wealthy Nicaraguans and foreigners, resulting in an uncertain future for the local Nicaraguans who have traditionally lived on the islands and nearby peninsula.</p><br>
<p>Rainworth Water is a watercourse that is a tributary of the River Maun near Rainworth, Nottinghamshire, England. It is characterised by a number of lakes, including that which forms part of the country park at Rufford Abbey. L Lake at Rainworth forms part of the Rainworth Lakes Site of Special Scientific Interest. There are two designated Local Nature Reserves along its length, one of which is also known by the name Rainworth Water. The Rainworth Water LNR is owned and managed by Nottinghamshire County Council.</p><br>
<h2>Nature Reserve</h2><br>
<p>Rainworth Water LNR was once part of Rufford Colliery, which created the spoil heaps that form a bowl around the watercourse. The spoil heaps were restored after the colliery closure and the planting of thousands of broadleaved trees and other woodland species have stabilised the ground. The Water itself is a wetland habitat consisting of artificial pools, shallows and meanders that appear natural and support dragonflies and damselflies. Marshy areas have developed naturally alongside the watercourse since restoration, as have open grassland and dense scrubland. A colony of Dingy Skipper butterflies, which are rare within Nottinghamshire, inhabits the open grasslands.</p><br>
<p>The area was declared a Local Nature Reserve in 2005. Most maintenance work on the reserve is conducted by Nottinghamshire County Council but some is undertaken by the Friends of Tippings Wood.</p><br>
<h2>River course</h2><br>
<p>The river rises in Normanshill Wood, to the north-west of Ravenshead and flows eastwards, passing under the A60 road, and to the south of Portland Training College. There are two lakes created by dams, which were once fish ponds. To the north of the second lake is Fountain Dale moat, which is known to have existed in 1251, when there was a hunting lodge on the 52 by island, from which tolls were collected by the forester Raffe Clerc. There is a 46 ft wide causeway across the north-eastern corner of the moat, which is around 39 ft wide, with a substantial bank beyond that. The site has not been disturbed since it was abandoned, and so is better preserved than many residential moated sites in Britain. To the south of the lake is the Grade II listed Fountain Dale House, dating from the mid-eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. At the outlet of the lake is a Grade II listed well head constructed of ashlar and red brick, called Friar Tucks well, after which the river turns to the north-east to reach another artificial lake called Cave Pond. Passing under Blidworth Lane on the outskirts of Rainworth, it enters an L&#39;-shaped lake, called "L Lake", the other branch of which is fed by Foulevil Brook. The main lake covers an area of 4.0 acre and is a private fishery, stocked with bream, carp, pike, roach and tench. It forms part of the Rainworth Lakes Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI), which covers an area of 36.2 acre and has been designated because of the variety of plant species which grow in the open water and adjacent marsh. The naturalist Joseph Whitaker lived by the lakes at Rainworth Lodge. The river passes through the centre of Rainworth village, under the B6020 and the A617 Rainworth bypass. Rainworth Sewage Treatment Works is located on its north-east bank, as is the Rainworth Water local nature reserve, after which it is culverted to pass under a railway embankment associated with Rufford Colliery. By Inkersall Manor there are ponds on both sides, where the name of the woodland, which is Damside Covert, and the presence of earthworks, suggests they were part of a larger lake at one time.</p><br>
<p>Another lake is located to the east of the woodland, and then Red Bridge carries the A614 over the river. Beyond the road, it turns north, passing under a minor road and a disused railway embankment to the west of Bilsthorpe, with Bilsthorpe Sewage Works on its east bank. Robin Dam Bridge carries another minor road over it, after which it reaches the southern boundary of the country park at Rufford Abbey. Gallow Hall Dyke joins it from the east. Much of the estate including the mill was bought by Nottinghamshire County Council in the 1950s, and became Rufford Country Park in 1969.</p><br>
<p>By the mid-1970s, the lake had become silted up, and a programme of dredging and landscaping was carried out by the council. Subsidence, caused by coal mining, created problems in the 1980s, and extensive repairs were needed to both the lake and the dam, which were completed in 1991. Below Rufford Lake, Rainworth Water crosses the road to Wellow by a ford. On the southern edge of Ollerton, the A614 road crosses again, and the river is carried through a railway embankment by a skew bridge. Just beyond, the river joins the River Maun close to another bridge carrying the A614 over the combined flow.</p><br>
<h2>Water quality</h2><br>
<p>The Environment Agency are responsible for measuring water quality of the river systems in England. Each is given an overall ecological status, which may be one of five levels: high, good, moderate, poor and bad. There are several components that are used to determine this, including biological status, which looks at the quantity and varieties of invertebrates, angiosperms and fish, and chemical status, which compares the concentrations of various chemicals against known safe concentrations. Chemical status is rated good or fail.</p><br>
<p>The water quality of the Maun and its tributaries was as follows in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>Points of interest</h2><br>
<p>Arintica is a stratovolcano located in Arica y Parinacota Region of Chile, near the border with Bolivia. It lies north of the Salar de Surire. The volcano has a main summit in the north, a slightly shorter southern summit and a subsidiary peak in the west. A glacier valley lies between the summits. The height of the snowline is 5,590 m. Stage II moraines found on Arintica have altitudes ranging from 4,350 m on the southern flank to 4,550 m on the eastern flank. On the western flank they reach altitudes of 4,400 m.</p><br>
<p>The volcano was constructed in two phases and postglacial lava flows have been found by Landsat imagery, but they are unsampled. A previously identified southeastern lava flow has been later identified as a debris avalanche. A dacitic lava dome is found southwest of the volcano and is named Calajata. In a 2011 hazard map Arintica was considered a potentially dangerous volcano of Chile. Whether the volcano was active in the Holocene is contentious. A belt of Polylepis woods surrounds the volcano.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee believe the ancient settlement of Kituwa  or giduwa , on the Tuckasegee River is their original settlement and is one of the "seven mother towns" in the Southeast. It is in Swain County, North Carolina, in the Great Smoky Mountains, near present-day Bryson City.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Kituwa is the site of an ancient earthwork mound, likely built by the Mississippian culture about 1000 CE. The Cherokee held the site sacred after settling here in a later time. Although the vegetation on the mound was burned repeatedly by the Cherokee for agriculture during the colonial period and plowed over for corn cultivation since Indian Removal in the 1830s, the mound is still visible.</p><br>
<p>During the period of European-American agricultural uses, the larger property was called Ferguson&#39;s Field. The mound is 170 ft in diameter and five feet tall, although it was once taller. The Cherokee built a structure on top that housed their sacred flame, which was to be kept burning at all times.</p><br>
<p>Moundbuilding by people of the various Woodland and Mississippian cultures was common throughout the Mississippi Basin and Ohio Valley. This included Tennessee to the west, Georgia to the southeast, Louisiana to the southwest, and Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri to the northwest.</p><br>
<p>The Mississippian culture was documented as established in western North Carolina from 1000 CE. Joara was a regional chiefdom in this culture. Additional Mississippian-culture sites have been identified extending southwest to the village later called Kituwa. The Mississippian culture peoples were part of vast trade networks that connected chiefdoms throughout the present-day eastern United States. Archaeologists believe the people of the smaller chiefdoms were eventually absorbed by the developing, larger Catawba and Cherokee tribes.</p><br>
<p>The inhabitants of Kituwah, the Ani-kitu-hwagi, influenced all of the towns along the Tuckasegee and Little Tennessee rivers. The people of this region became known as the Kituwah, also spelled Keetoowah. Because the Kituwah were responsible for the protection of the northern border from the Iroquois and the Algonquian peoples, the name became synonymous with the Cherokee among the people. The Cherokee who later occupied Kituwa were also part of extensive trade networks. The ancient site of the Mother Town Kituwa is visible in the general area of the Qualla Boundary, territory of the Cherokee.</p><br>
<p>During the Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–1761), British general James Grant used his army to destroy the ancient town. Its inhabitants migrated westward and settled in Mialoquo (Great Island Town) on the Little Tennessee River among the Overhill Cherokee. A later headman of this group was Dragging Canoe, son of Attakullakulla. When he led his warriors southwest to continue fighting the colonists of Upper East Tennessee, the entire population went with him, including those formerly of Kituwa.</p><br>
<p>In the 1820s the Cherokees lost control of the Kituwa area when making land cessions to the United States.</p><br>
<h3>20th century reclamation</h3><br>
<p>It was not until 1996 that the people regained their "mother town", when the Eastern Band of the Cherokee purchased the site and 309 acre. A 1997 archaeological survey of Kituwah found an early 18th-century village site covering 65 acre. The density of artifacts indicated a long period of settlement.</p><br>
<p>The Cherokee have debated how to use the land, with some people wanting to develop the property for community uses. Non-invasive archaeological surveys have discovered 15 burials, with the likelihood of up to 1000. A gradiometer was used to map the area. It also depicted the location of many hearth sites, including one at the center. This would likely have been associated with the sacred fire.</p><br>
<p>These discoveries have led more of the Cherokee citizens to consider only such development as can be compatible with the sacred nature of the site. They are planning uses associated with community wellness and renewal. The Eastern Cherokee have sponsored two youth retreats at the site, which highlighted traditional ways of spiritual expression.</p><br>
<h3>Duke Energy controversy</h3><br>
<p>Duke Energy attempted to build a $52 million substation near the Kituwah Cherokee ceremonial mounds. On February 4, 2010, the Cherokee Tribal Council passed a resolution stating,</p><br>
<p>It is this Tribe’s solemn responsibility and moral duty to care for and protect all of Kituwah from further desecration and degradation by human agency in order to preserve the integrity of the most important site for the origination and continuation of Cherokee culture, heritage, history and identity.</p><br>
<p>On April 23, 2010, the North Carolina Utilities Commission denied Duke Energy&#39;s "Motion to Hold Complaint in Abeyance," and Duke was ordered to file an answer to the complaint on or before May 10, 2010. Duke agreed to halt the construction threatening Kituwah until the complaint was heard.</p><br>
<h2>Traditions</h2><br>
<p>Cherokee oral traditions tell that all Cherokee migrated to Kituwa after the migration from the Great Lakes region of the United States and southern Canada as early as 4,000 years ago. Cultural and archaeological evidence support the people&#39;s accounts of their migration, but there is no consensus about when they arrived in the Southeast.</p><br>
<p>The ancient Cherokee had a hereditary priesthood, called the Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni, a structure which may have been adopted from another tribe. According to research by the early 20th century ethnographer James Mooney, the Cherokee held the Ah-ni-ku-ta-ni "in awe" and "greatly feared them." They were not the regular chiefs. These were known as the ugus (owls), known as "white" chiefs (sometimes identified as those who worked for peace or during times of peace), and the colona (ravens), or "red" chiefs (identified as those who led in times of war.)</p><br>
<p>Some traditional Cherokee call themselves by the autonym of Ah-ni-ki-tu-wa-gi (spelled variously in local Oklahoma dialects as Ki-tu-wa or Gi-du-wa), Kituwa people. The meaning of the word Kituwa is known to contemporary Cherokee speakers. It is not widely reported because of its sacred nature.</p><br>
<p>Honoring the "mother town" was analogous to honoring Selu, the Cherokee Corn Mother (of the ancient Green Corn Ceremony and many other connections). Honoring mothers is a concept that has pervaded Cherokee culture. Well into the 20th century, the Cherokee had a kinship system of matrilineal descent, clan membership and family organization.</p><br>
<p>In the Green Corn Ceremony, one of the two social dances performed is of ancient origin. It may have been practiced in the mother town of Kituwa. The dance is called ye-lu-le, which means "to the center". During it, all of the dancers shout ye-lu-le and move toward the fire in the center of the dance circle. This dance symbolizes the dispersal of the sacred fire given to the people, according to their ancient legends. During Green Corn ceremonies in traditional Cherokee society, the coals of new fire were carried to all the Cherokee. They were used to kindle the ceremonial fires in each town before any of the new corn could be eaten. The home fires in outlying Cherokee communities were extinguished before the ceremonies and relit from the coals of the fire kindled during the Green Corn Dances.</p><br>
<p>The Faiyum Oasis  is a depression or basin in the desert immediately to the west of the Nile south of Cairo. The extent of the basin area is estimated at between 1,270 km²  and 1700 km² . The basin floor comprises fields watered by a channel of the Nile, the Bahr Yussef, as it drains into a desert depression to the west of the Nile Valley. The Bahr Yussef veers west through a narrow neck of land north of Ihnasya, between the archaeological sites of El Lahun and Gurob near Hawara; it then branches out, providing rich agricultural land in the Faiyum basin, draining into the large saltwater Lake Moeris . The lake was freshwater in prehistory but is today a saltwater lake. It is a source for tilapia and other fish for the local area.</p><br>
<p>Differing from typical oases, whose fertility depends on water obtained from springs, the cultivated land in the Faiyum is formed of Nile mud brought down by the Bahr Yussef, 24 km (15 miles) in length. Between the beginning of Bahr Yussef at El Lahun to its end at the city of Faiyum, several canals branch off to irrigate the Faiyum Governorate. The drainage water flows into Lake Moeris.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>When the Mediterranean Sea was a hot dry hollow near the end of the Messinian Salinity Crisis in the late Miocene, Faiyum was a dry hollow, and the Nile flowed past it at the bottom of a canyon (which was 8000 feet deep or more where Cairo is today). After the Mediterranean reflooded at the end of the Miocene, the Nile canyon became an arm of the sea reaching inland further than Aswan. Over geological time that sea arm gradually filled with silt and became the Nile valley.</p><br>
<p>Eventually the Nile valley bed silted up high enough to let the Nile in period overflow into the Faiyum hollow and make a lake in it. The lake is first recorded from about 3000 BC, around the time of Menes (Narmer). However, for the most part it would only be filled with high flood waters. The lake was bordered by neolithic settlements, and the town of Crocodilopolis grew up on the south where the higher ground created a ridge.</p><br>
<p>In 2300 BC, the waterway from the Nile to the natural lake was widened and deepened to make a canal which is now known as the Bahr Yussef. This canal fed into the lake. This was meant to serve three purposes: control the flooding of the Nile, regulate the water level of the Nile during dry seasons, and serve the surrounding area with irrigation. There is evidence of ancient Egyptian pharaohs of the twelfth dynasty using the natural lake of Faiyum as a reservoir to store surpluses of water for use during the dry periods. The immense waterworks undertaken by the ancient Egyptian pharaohs of the twelfth dynasty to transform the lake into a huge water reservoir gave the impression that the lake itself was an artificial excavation, as reported by classic geographers and travellers. The lake was eventually abandoned due to the nearest branch of the Nile dwindling in size from 230 BC.</p><br>
<p>Faiyum was known to the ancient Egyptians as the twenty-first nome of Upper Egypt, Atef-Pehu ("Northern Sycamore"). In ancient Egyptian times, its capital was Sh-d-y-t (usually written "Shedyt"), called by the Greeks Crocodilopolis, and refounded by Ptolemy II as Arsinoe.</p><br>
<p>This region has the earliest evidence for farming in Egypt, and was a center of royal pyramid and tomb-building in the Twelfth dynasty of the Middle Kingdom, and again during the rule of the Ptolemaic dynasty. Faiyum became one of the breadbaskets of the Roman world.</p><br>
<p>For the first three centuries AD, the people of Faiyum and elsewhere in Roman Egypt not only embalmed their dead but also placed a portrait of the deceased over the face of the mummy wrappings, shroud or case. The Egyptians continued their practice of burying their dead, despite the Roman preference for cremation. Preserved by the dry desert environment, these Faiyum portraits make up the richest body of portraiture to have survived from antiquity. They provide us with a window into a remarkable society of peoples of mixed origins —Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, Syrians, Libyans and others — that flourished 2,000 years ago in Faiyum. The Faiyum portraits were painted on wood in a pigmented wax technique called encaustic.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1st millennium AD, the arable area shrank, and settlements around the edge of the basin were abandoned. These sites include some of the best-preserved from the late Roman Empire, notably Karanis, and from the Byzantine and early Arab Periods, though recent redevelopment has greatly reduced the archaeological features.</p><br>
<p>For late-period Ancient Egyptian names of the Faiyum oasis and places within it, see "Colonial-type" village names (villages named after towns elsewhere in Egypt and places outside Egypt) show that much land was brought into cultivation in the Faiyum in the Greek and Roman periods.</p><br>
<p>According to the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, over 1,000 km² (400 mile²) of the Faiyum Oasis was cultivated, the chief crops being cereals and cotton. The completion of the Aswan Low Dam ensured a fuller supply of water, which enabled 20,000 acres (80 km²) of land, previously unirrigated and untaxed, to be brought under cultivation in the three years 1903-1905. Three crops were obtained in twenty months. The province was noted for its figs and grapes of exceptional quality. Olives were also cultivated. Rose trees were very numerous, and most of the attar of roses of Egypt was manufactured in the province. Faiyum also possessed an excellent breed of sheep.</p><br>
<h2>Archaeology</h2><br>
<p>There are, especially in the neighborhood of the lake, many ruins of ancient villages and cities. Mounds north of the city of Faiyum mark the site of Crocodilopolis/Arsinoe. There are extensive archaeological remains across the region which extend from the prehistoric period through to modern times.</p><br>
<h2>Birket Qarun lake</h2><br>
<p>Birket Qarun (Arabic for Lake of Qarun), is located in the Faiyum Oasis and has an abundant population of fish, notably bulti, of which considerable quantities are sent to Cairo. In ancient times this lake was much larger, and the ancient Greeks and Romans called it Lake Moeris.</p><br>
<h2>Cities and towns</h2><br>
<p>The largest city is Faiyum, which is also the capital of the Faiyum Governorate. Other towns include Sinnuris and Tamiya to the north of Faiyum, and Sanhur and Ibsheway on the road to the lake.</p><br>
<p>Zhelin Reservoir  is a reservoir located between Yongxiu , Wuning  and Xiushui  county. All three counties belong to Jiujiang, a metropolis of Jiangxi province, China. It&#39;s 40 kilometers to the north of Nanchang, and 90 kilometers to the south of Mount Lushan. This reservoir is the largest in Jiangxi province with a storage capacity of 7,920,000,000 cubic metres.</p><br>
<p>Although the dam is located in an area of low seismic activity, after the impounding of the Zhelin Reservoir the seismic activity increased markedly.</p><br>
<p>The dam of this reservoir is the biggest earth-filled embankment dam in Asia.</p><br>
<p>The American reality program Survivor filmed its fifteenth season, Survivor: China, on islands in the reservoir between June and August 2007. Survivor host Jeff Probst claimed that this was the first American television series to be filmed entirely within China.</p><br>
<p>San Pedro is a Holocene composite volcano in northern Chile and one of the tallest active volcanoes in the world. Part of the Chilean Andes volcanic segment, it is part of the Central Volcanic Zone of the Andes, one of the four tracts of the Andean Volcanic Belt. This region of volcanism spans the borders of Peru, Bolivia, Chile and Argentina and contains a number of individual volcanic centres, including the worlds two highest volcanoes Ojos del Salado and Llullaillaco.</p><br>
<p>San Pedro like other Andean volcanoes was formed by the subduction of the Nazca Plate beneath the South America Plate. It has a neighbouring volcano San Pablo and is itself formed by two separate edifices usually known as the Old Cone and the Young Cone. These edifices are formed by rocks ranging from basaltic andesite over andesite to dacite and are emplaced on a basement formed by Miocene volcanic rocks.</p><br>
<p>The Old Cone was active over one hundred thousand years ago and was eventually truncated by a giant landslide that removed its northwestern side. Within the landslide scar lava flows and pyroclastic flows constructed the Young Cone as well as the lateral centre La Poruña. This volcano was glaciated during the Pleistocene and a large Plinian eruption occurred at the beginning of the Holocene. Some eruptions occurred reportedly during historical time; presently the volcano is fumarolically active.</p><br>
<h2>Geography and geomorphology</h2><br>
<p>San Pedro is located in northern Chile, in the Ollagüe commune, El Loa Province, Tarapacá Region; the border to Bolivia is 35 km away. The whole region is remote and thinly populated; towns in the area include Ascotán, Cupo, Inacaliri and Paniri; and the San Pedro railway station lies southwest of the volcano. Tracks left by sulfur miners lead up to San Pedro&#39;s summit.</p><br>
<p>San Pedro is part of the 600 km long Central Volcanic Zone, one of the two belts of volcanoes in Chile which contains a total of about 44 active volcanoes plus silicic caldera and ignimbrite systems and monogenetic volcanoes. Many of these volcanoes are of Pliocene-Pleistocene age and approach heights of about 7,000 m above sea level at Llullaillaco and Ojos del Salado; such sizes of the volcanoes occur because the edifices rise from a relatively high basement. Volcanism in this region is relatively poorly studied and there is not much present-day activity; with the exception of Lascár most present-day manifestations are limited to fumarolic activity.</p><br>
<p>6,145 m, 6,142 m or 6,163 m high San Pedro is one of the highest volcanoes in the world, visible as far as 85 km away in Calama. It is a composite volcano which forms a twin volcano with San Pablo 6 km farther east, and in between the two lies the so-called "Central Crater" at an elevation of 5,250 m. San Pedro itself is formed from the easterly "Old Cone" whose most prominent expression is the eastern summit, and the westerly "Young Cone" which is only about 100 m lower. The "Young Cone" features has two craters, the eastern of which is the younger one. Lava flows emerge from a breach in this crater and have filled an older 1.2 km wide older crater. Hydrothermally altered rocks and sulfur deposits are found on San Pedro&#39;s summit and were mined into the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>A number of lava flows of volumes between 0.1 - make up part of the edifice. The upper part of the Younger Cone is covered with such lava flows, which have steep fronts and up to 100 m thick. Downslope the lava flows are found mainly over the northwestern flank where they radiate away from San Pedro&#39;s crater.</p><br>
<p>Scars at elevations of 5,500 m on the edifice have been the origin of mudflows; the largest is known as Estación flow and covers much of the southern and western foot of San Pedro to distances of 30 km; the debris apron reaches the Loa River and San Pedro River. These mudflows occurred between 110,000 - 36,000 years ago and they filled the river bed of the Loa, while the impact on the San Pedro River was much more minor. Hot avalanche deposits or pyroclastic flows are also found on the volcano; the largest of which covers large parts of the edifice and has a total volume of approximately 1.5 km3. These deposits contain prismatically joined blocks and poorly sorted pumice, with their thickness ranges from a thick layer to scattered rocks. Their formation was probably owed to the steep incline of San Pedro&#39;s slopes which tended to destabilize lava bodies high on the edifice, similar to regular landslides. At least one Plinian fall deposit is known from San Pedro, the size of its deposit indicates that it was as large as the AD 79 eruption of Vesuvius in Italy. This Plinian eruption was accompanied by the formation of an ignimbrite that covers much of the southern, southwestern and western slopes of San Pedro and reaches thicknesses of 3 m.</p><br>
<p>There is evidence of a large sector collapse on San Pedro, which removed the northwestern flank of the volcano and formed a large debris avalanche deposit. This avalanche deposit covers a surface area of 120 km&sup2; and its front is 35 - high in the Pampa de la Avestruz. The debris flow formed by the sector collapse does not have many of the typical hummock-like hills of volcanic sector collapse deposits and instead features groves and radial ridges. Such flank collapse occurred notably on Mount St. Helens during its eruption in 1980. A 250 m high scarp west of the eastern summit was left by the collapse of San Pedro; otherwise much of the evidence was buried by later volcanic activity. As with the mudflows, the steep slopes of San Pedro probably facilitated the onset of the sector collapse, which dropped down an elevation difference of about 2,845 m.</p><br>
<p>A parasitic vent named La Poruña lies on the western foot of San Pedro, its formation was probably influenced by a normal fault that runs in that area. It is a 900 m wide and 140 m high scoria cone on top of a field of lava flows which extend as far as 10 km west of San Pedro. The cone&#39;s western side slumped and lava flows issued from the breach. In addition, a lava dome at an elevation of 5,000 m dots the southwestern flank of San Pedro and also seems to be a parasitic vent. Andesite lava flows emanante from this area as well, they are the largest found on San Pedro, with volumes of 3 km3 and a surface area of 19 km&sup2 they reach a distance of 13 km from the vent.</p><br>
<p>San Pedro has been glaciated in the past. Evidence of such glaciation is found especially on the southern side of the Old Cone and it includes moraines at elevations of over 4,400 m as well as other glacially modified surfaces such as rock pavements and striated boulders. Some cirques on the southern flank contain evidence of past rock glaciers, but there are no glaciers presently on the mountain.</p><br>
<p>The San Pedro River flows at the foot of San Pedro volcano, and joins the Loa River southwest of the volcano. As reported in 1926, the slopes of San Pedro were used to cultivate llareta, this is a kind of plant that was grown as a fuel source.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>Beneath northern Chile, the Nazca Plate subducts beneath the South America Plate. This subduction process is responsible for volcanic activity in the Western Cordillera, as well as elsewhere in the Andes.</p><br>
<p>The volcanoes of Chile are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, which in Chile contains about 2000 volcanoes over a length of 4,500 km. In Chile, it is subdivided into two volcanic zones, the Central Volcanic Zone which also spans Peru, Bolivia and Argentina, and the Southern Volcanic Zone which spans Chile and Argentina. In addition, Colombia and Ecuador feature the Northern Volcanic Zone, while the subduction of the Antarctic Plate beneath the South America Plate at the southernmost tip of South America forms the Austral Volcanic Zone south of the Southern Volcanic Zone.</p><br>
<p>There were two cycles of volcanic activity in Chile, the first during the Permian-Triassic and a second starting from the Tertiary. In the San Pedro region, this volcanic activity migrated east from its point of inception but recently has moved back westward. West of San Pedro lies the Pampa del Tamarugal and the Coastal Cordillera, neither of which show evidence of recent volcanic activity.</p><br>
<h3>Regional</h3><br>
<p>Volcanoes in this region of Chile often form lineaments perpendicular to the volcanic arc, with northwest-southeast and north-south lineaments commons. Other volcanoes with such trends are Carasilla-Polapi-Cerro Cebollar-Cerro Ascotan-Palpana and the Aucanquilcha complex; the youngest edifice is the westernmost one.</p><br>
<p>The basement of the region is formed by various metamorphic and sedimentary rocks intruded by plutons ranging in their age from the Paleozoic to the Tertiary; one of these is the 65 million years old Cerro Colorado pluton. However, in the area of San Pedro this basement is entirely buried beneath volcanites of Miocene age, including ignimbrites and remnants of composite volcanoes. At least three individual ignimbrites have been found; one of the ignimbrites, the San Pedro Ignimbrite, may have originated from a vent now covered by San Pedro volcano. The older composite volcano centres include Cerro Carcanal and Cerro Huiche south-southeast of San Pedro and Cerro del Diablo due north. This surface slopes down to the Loa River in the west.</p><br>
<h3>Composition</h3><br>
<p>Old Cone lavas range from andesite to olivine-containing basaltic andesite. Young Cone lavas include both andesite and hornblende-containing dacite. Either cone, San Pedro volcanic rocks belong to the potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite.</p><br>
<p>San Pedro volcanic rocks are usually glassy with only tiny phenocrysts. Plagioclase and pyroxene are the dominant minerals, with amphibole and olivine being secondary components. The magma feeding the volcano probably formed from the mixing of magmas of distinct temperatures, as indicated by various clues of there being significant thermal disequilibrium between various components.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>The region has an arid climate with infrequent precipitation. Moisture ultimately originates on the tropical Atlantic Ocean and much of it rains out as it crosses the Eastern Cordillera and the Altiplano, thus only little reaches the western Cordillera, with precipitation in the San Pedro area less than 100 mm/year. This dryness was interrupted during the late ice age between 17,000 and 11,000 years before present by a wetter period during which glaciers expanded.</p><br>
<h2>Eruptive history</h2><br>
<p>San Pedro formed in two stages, which are known as the Old Cone and the Young Cone. The Old Cone was formed by lava and scoria and later largely buried by glacial, mudflows and volcanic deposits of the Young Cone; it however forms about 80% of the volume of the present-day San Pedro edifice. One date has been obtained on Old Cone lavas by argon-argon dating: 160,000 years ago. After activity of the Old Cone ceased, glacial and fluvial erosion dissected San Pedro until the large sector collapse occurred. The so-called "white airfall" with a volume of 2.5 km3 as well as pyroclastic flows on the western summit may have been erupted during the collapse but this is uncertain.</p><br>
<p>Activity of the Young Cone began after the collapse within the scar left by the failure of the edifice. This activity involved the extrusion of four groups of lavas of both andesitic and dacitic composition as well as lava domes and one pumice flow. Apparently, the emission of each lava unit was preceded by explosive eruptions which formed pyroclastic flows. Argon-argon dating on one of these units has yielded an age of 100,000 ± 35,000 years ago. Surface exposure dating of the La Poruña parasitic vent has yielded an age of 103,000 ± 1,200 years before present; it was previously proposed that La Poruña formed in the late 19th century. The southwest dome is of comparable age to La Poruña, 107,000 ± 12 years ago.</p><br>
<p>A large eruption covered parts of the upper edifice with scoria about 15,000 years before present. The Plinian eruption was even more recent, occurring about 10,000 years ago (10,085 ± 45 radiocarbon years ago). After this event four small lava domes formed in the summit region, and partly underwent collapse forming hot avalanche deposits; it is possible that the 1901 eruption was one of these lava dome forming events.</p><br>
<h3>Historical activity</h3><br>
<p>Eruptions at San Pedro are reported from possibly 1885, when a newspaper from Valparaiso reported "strong shaking of the earth", the emission of large quantities of white steam, and damage to the railway, houses and water pipes. Other eruptions reported from San Pedro were in 1901 when an eruption caused damage, May-August 1910, 1911, February 1938 and a minor event in December 1960. Additional eruptions are mentioned in records and dated to 1870, 1916, 1917, 1923. All these eruptions are uncertain and apparently of phreatic nature, and no geological evidence of them has been found. The timing of eruptions at San Pedro sometimes is unclear; one eruption reported from 1877 may instead have occurred in 1891. This volcanic activity makes San Pedro one of the highest active volcanoes.</p><br>
<p>Presently, fumaroles in the eastern summit crater are the only ongoing activity at San Pedro; a steam plume is barely visible. Based on measurements made in December 2013, the output of San Pedro is about 161 ±. Fumaroles were also reported from the Ojos de San Pedro area south of San Pedro volcano, and a report published in 1894 mentions a smell of sulfur at La Poruña. In addition, seismic activity has been observed at the volcano.</p><br>
<p>The history of volcanic activity at San Pedro indicates two principal hazards from future eruptions. The first is the formation of long debris avalanches or pyroclastic flows that could reach the which is just 9 km away from the volcano. The second hazard is formed by a large explosive eruption resulting in ash fall and the emplacement of ignimbrites; the whole region could be affected if the eruption column is over 20 km high. A few seismic stations monitor earthquake activity at San Pedro. The Chilean SERNAGEOMIN publishes a volcano hazard level for the volcano.</p><br>
